And nothing more. Nobody， better than Napoleon， knows how to make a good bargain， that is to say， to give a little in order to gain a great deal. In this treaty with the Church he tightens his purse-strings and especially avoids parting with his ready money. Six hundred and fifty thousand francs for fifty bishops and ten archbishops， a little more than four million francs for the three or four thousand cantonal curés， in all five million francs per annum， is all that the State promises to the new clergy. Later on，[109] he takes it on himself to pay those who officiate in the branch chapels；nevertheless， in 1807， the entire appropriation for public worship costs the State only twelve million francs a year；[110] the rest， as a rule， and especially the salaries of the forty thousand assistant-priests and vicars， must be provided by the fabriques and the communes.[111] Let the clergy benefit by occasional contributions；[112] let it appeal to the piety of believers for its monstrances， chalices， albs and chasubles， for decorations and the other expenses of worship； they are not prohibited from being liberal to it， not only during the services， on making collections， but in their houses， within closed doors， from hand to hand. Moreover， they have the right of making gifts or bequests before a notary， of establishing foundations in favor of seminaries and churches ； the foundation， after verification and approval by the Council of State， becomes operative； only，[113] it must consist of state securities， because， in this shape， it helps maintain their value and the credit of the government； in no case must it be composed of real estate；[114]
should the clergy become land-owners it would enjoy too much local influence. No bishop， no curé must feel himself independent； he must be and always remain a mere functionary， a hired workman for whom the State provides work in a shop with a roof overhead， a suitable and indispensable atelier， in other words， the house of prayer well known in each parish as "one of the edifices formerly assigned to worship."This edifice is not restored to the Christian community， nor to its representatives； it is simply "placed at the disposition of the bishop."[115] The State retains the ownership of it， or transfers this to the communes； it concedes to the clergy merely the right of using it， and， in that， loses but little. Parish and cathedral churches in its hands are， for the most part， dead capital， nearly useless and almost valueless； through their structure， they are not fitted for civil offices； it does not know what to do with them except to make barns of them； if it sells them it is to demolishers for their value as building material， and then at great scandal. Among the parsonages and gardens that have been surrendered， several have become communal property，[116] and， in this case， it is not the State which loses its title but the commune which is deprived of its investment.
In short， in the matter of available real estate， land or buildings， from which the State might derive a rent， that which it sets off from its domain and hands over to the clergy is of very little account. As to military service， it makes no greater concessions. Neither the Concordat nor the organic articles stipulate any exemption for the clergy； the dispensation granted is simply a favor； this is provisional for the seminarians and only becomes permanent under ordination； now， the government fixes the number of the ordained， and it keeps this down as much as possible；[117] for the diocese of Grenoble， it allows only eight in seven years.[118] In this way， it not only saves conscripts， but again， for lack of young priests， it forces the bishops to appoint old priests， even constitutionalists， nearly all pensioners on the treasury， and which either relieves the treasury of a pension or the commune of a subsidy.[119] - Thus， in the reconstruction of the ecclesiastical fortune the State spares itself and the portion it contributes remains very small： it furnishes scarcely more than the plan， a few corner and foundation stones and the permission or injunction to build； the rest concerns the communes and private individuals. They must exert themselves， continue and complete it， by order or spontaneously and under its permanent direction.
VIII. Public Education.
State appropriations very small. - Toleration of educational institutions. - The interest of the public in them invited. - The University. - Its monopoly. - Practically， his restrictions and conditions are effective. - Satisfaction given to the first group of requirements.
