[132] "Recueil，" etc.， by A. de Beauchamp， I， 171， 187， 192. (Law of September 17， 1808， article 27， and decision of April 7， 1809.)[133] Ibid. Masters of private schools and heads of institutions must pay additionally every year one-quarter of the sums above fixed. (Law of Sept. 17， 1808， article 25. Law of March 17， 1808， title 17.- Law of February 17， 1809.)[134] Ibid.， I.， 189. (Decree of March 24， 1808， on the endowment of the University.)[135] Emond， "Histoire du collège Louis-le-Grand，" p.238. (This college， previous to 1789， enjoyed an income of 450，000 livres.) -Guizot， ibid.， I.， 62. - This college was maintained during the revolution under the name of the "Prytanée Fran？ais" and received in 1800 the property of the University of Louvain. Many of its pupils enlisted in 1792， and were promised that their scholarships should be retained for them on their return； hence the military spirit of the "Prytanée." - By virtue of a decree， March 5， 1806， a perpetual income of 400，000 francs was transferred to the Prytanée de Saint-Cyr. It is this income which， by the decree of March 24， 1808， becomes the endowment of the imperial University. Henceforth， the expenses of the Prytanée de Saint-Cyr are assigned to the war department.
[136] Alexis Chevalier， Ibid.， p.265. Allocution to the "Ignorantin"brethren.
[137] "The Ancient Régime，" pp.13-15. (Laff. I. pp. 17 and 18.)- "The Revolution，" III.， p. 54. (Laff. II. pp. 48-49) - Alexis Chevalier， "Les Frères des écoles chrétiennes，" p.341. "Before the revolution， the revenues of public instruction exceeded 30 millions." - Peuchet， "Statistique elementaire de la France (published in 1805)， p.256.
Revenue of the asylums and hospitals in the time of Necker， 40millions， of which 23 are the annual income from real-estate and 17provided by personal property， contracts， the public funds， and a portion from octrois， etc.
[138] D'Haussonville， "l'église romaine et le premier Empire，" vol.
IV. et V.， passim - Ibid.， III.， 370， 375. (13 Italian cardinals and 19 bishops of the Roman states are transported and assigned places in France， as well as many of their grand-vicars and chanoines； about the same date over 200 Italian priests are banished to Corsica). - V.， 181. (July 12， 1811， the bishops of Troyes， Tournay and Ghent are sent to (the fortress-prison of) Vincennes.) - V.， 286. (236 pupils in the Ghent seminary are enrol1ed in an artillery brigade and sent off to Wesel， where about fifty of them die in the hospital.) - "Souvenirs"， by PASQUIER (Etienne-Dennis， duc) Librarie Plon， Paris 1893. (Numbers of Belgian priests confined in the castles of Ham， Bouillon and Pierre-Chatel were set free after the Restoration.)[139] Decree of November 15， 1811， art. 28， 29， and 30. (Owing to M.
de Fontanes， the small seminaries were not all closed， many of them， 41， still existing in 1815.)[140] Collection of laws and decrees， passim， after 1802.
[141] Documents furnished by M. Alexis Chevalier， former director of public charities. The total amount of legacies and bequests is as follows： 1st Asylums and hospitals， from January 1， 1800， to December 31， 1845， 72，593，360 francs； from January 1st， 1846， to December 31， 1855， 37，107，812； from January 1st， 1856， to December 31， 1877， 121，197，774. in all， 230，898，346 francs. - 2d. Charity bureaux. From January 1st， 1800， to December 31， 1845， 49，911，090； from January 1st， 1846， to December 31， 1873， 115，629，925； from January 1st 1874， to December 31， 1877， 19，261，065. In all， 184，802，080 francs. - Sum total， 415，701，026 francs.
[142] According to the statements of M. de Watteville and M. de Gasparin.
[143] Report by Fourcroy， annexed to the exposition of the empire and presented to the Corps Législatif， March 5， 1806.
[144] Coup d'？il général sur l'éducation et l'instruction publique en France，" by Basset， censor of studies at Charlemagne college (1816)， -p. 21.
[145] "Statistique de l'enseignement primaire，" II.， CCIV. (From 1786to 1789， 47 out of 100 married men and 26 married women out of a hundred signed their marriage contract. From 1816 to 1820， the figures show 54 husbands and 34 wives.) - Morris Birbeck， "Notes of a Journey through France in July， August and September 1814." p.3 (London， 1815). "I am told that all the children of the laboring classes learn to read， and are generally instructed by their parents."[146] Madame de Rémusat， I.， 243. (Journey in the north of France and in Belgium with the First Consul， 1803.) "On journeys of this kind he was in the habit， after obtaining information about the public buildings a town needed， to order them as he passed along， and， for this munificence， he bore away the blessings of the people." - Some time after this a letter came from the minister of the interior： "In conformity with the favor extended to you by the First Consul (later， emperor) you are required， citizen mayor， to order the construction of this or that building， taking care to charge the expenses on the funds of your commune，" and which the prefect of the department obliges him to do， even when available funds are exhausted or otherwise applied.
[147] Thiers， VIII.， 117 (August 1807) and 124. 13，400 leagues of highways were constructed or repaired； 10 canals were dug or continued， at the expense of the public treasury； 32 departments contribute to the expense of these through the extra centimes tax， which is imposed on them. The State and the department， on the average， contribute each one-half. - Among the material evils caused by the Revolution， the most striking and the most seriously felt was the abandonment and running down of roads which had become impracticable， also the still more formidable degeneracy of the dikes and barriers against rivers and the sea. (Cf. in Rocquain， "état de la France au 18 Brumaire，" the reports of Fran？ais de Nantes， Fourcroy， Barbeé-Marbois， etc.) - The Directory had imagined barrriers with toll-gates on each road to provide expenses， which brought in scarcely 16 millions to offset 30 and 35 millions of expenditure. Napoleon substitutes for these tolls the product of the salt-tax. (Decree of April 24， 1806， art. 59.)[148] "Souvenirs"， by PASQUIER (Etienne-Dennis， duc) Librarie Plon， Paris 1893. "Scarcely two or three highways remained in decent order.
. . . Navigation on the rivers and canals became impossible Public buildings and monuments were everywhere falling to ruin. . . . If the rapidity of destruction was prodigious， that of restoration was no less so.
