登陆注册
4811800000016

第16章 (8)

"If a just system of exchanges were acted upon, the value of articles would be determined by the entire cost of production; and equal values should always exchange for equal values. If, for instance, it takes a hatter one day to make a hat, and a shoemaker the same time to make a pair of shoes -- supposing the material used by each to be of the same value --and they exchange these articles with each other, they are not only mutually but equally benefited: the advantage derived by either party cannot be a disadvantage to the other, as each has given the same amount of labor, and the materials made use of by each were of equal value. But if the hatter should obtain two pair of shoes for one hat -- time and value of material being as before -- the exchange would clearly be an unjust one. The hatter would defraud the shoemaker of one day's labor; and were the former to act thus in all his exchanges, he would receive, for the labor of half a year, the product of some other person's whole year. We have heretofore acted upon no other than this most unjust system of exchanges -- the workmen have given the capitalist the labor of a whole year, in exchange for the value of only half a year -- and from this, and not from the assumed inequality of bodily and mental powers in individuals, has arisen the inequality of wealth and power which at present exists around us. It is an inevitable condition inequality of exchanges -- of buying at one price and selling at another -- that capitalists shall continue to be capitalists, and working men to be working men -- the one a class of tyrants and the other a class of slaves -- to eternity....

"The whole transaction, therefore, plainly shews that the capitalists and proprietors do no more than give the working man, for his labor of one week, a part of the wealth which they obtained from him the week before!

-- which amounts to giving him nothing for something....

"The whole transaction, therefore, between the producer and the capitalist is a palpable deception, a mere farce: it is, in fact, in thousands of instances, no other than a barefaced though legalized robbery."(Bray, pp.45, 48, 49 and 50)

"... the gain of the employer will never cease to be the loss of the unemployed -- until the exchanges between the parties are equal; and exchanges never can be equal while society is divided into capitalists and producers -- the last living upon their labor and the first bloating upon the profit of that labor.

"It is plain [continues Mr.Bray] that, establish whatever form of government we will... we may talk of morality and brotherly love...

no reciprocity can exist where there are unequal exchanges. Inequality of exchanges, as being the cause of inequality of possessions, is the secret enemy that devours us."(Bray, pp.51 and 52)

"It has been deduced, also, from a consideration of the intention and end of society, not only that all men should labor, and thereby become exchangers, but that equal values should always exchange for equal values -- and that, as the gain of one man ought never to be the loss of another, value should be determined by cost of production. but we have seen, that, under the present arrangements of society... the gain of the capitalist and the rich man is always the loss of the workman -- that this result will invariably take place, and the poor man be left entirely at the mercy of the rich man, under any and every form of government, so long as there is inequality of exchanges -- and that equality of exchanges can be ensured only under social arrangements in which labor is universal....

"If exchanges were equal, would the wealth of the present capitalists gradually go from them to the working classes."(Bray, pp.53-55)

"So long as this system of unequal exchanges is tolerated, the producers will be almost as poor and as ignorant and as hardworked as they are at present, even if every governmental burthen be swept away and all taxes be abolished... nothing but a total change of this system -- an equality of labor and exchanges -- can alter this state of rights....

"The producers have but to make an effort -- and by them must every effort for their own redemption be made -- and their chains will be snapped asunder forever....

"As an end, the political equality is there a failure, as a means, also, it is there a failure.

"Where equal exchanges are maintained, the gain of one man cannot be the loss of another; for every exchange is then simply a transfer, and not a sacrifice of labor and wealth. Thus, although under a social system based on equal exchanges, a parsimonious man may become rich, his wealth will be no more than the accumulated produce of his own labor. He may exchange his wealth, or he may give it to others... but a rich man cannot continue wealthy for any length of time after he has ceased to labor. Under equality of exchanges, wealth cannot have, as it now has, a procreative and apparently self-generating power, such as replenishes all waste from consumption;for, unless it be renewed by labor, wealth, when once consumed, is given up for ever. That which is now called profit and interest cannot exist as such in connection with equality of exchanges; for producer and distributor would be alike remunerated, and the sum total of their labor would determine the value of the article created and brought to the hands of the consumer....

"The principle of equal exchanges, therefore, must from its very nature ensure universal labor."(Bray, pp.67, 88, 89, 94, 109-10)

After having refuted the objections of the economists to communism, Mr.

Bray goes on to say:

"If, then a changed character be essential to the success of the social system of community in its most perfect form -- and if, likewise, the present system affords no circumstances and no facilities for effecting the requisite change of character and preparing man for the higher and better state desired -- it is evident that these things must necessarily remain as they are....

同类推荐
  • 物理论

    物理论

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 南诏德化碑

    南诏德化碑

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 佛说四天王经

    佛说四天王经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 丧大记

    丧大记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • Steep Trails

    Steep Trails

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 快穿之酷霸拽的黑化boss

    快穿之酷霸拽的黑化boss

    【推荐新文神级炮灰齁甜】西柚的任务完成系统所交代的任务,顺便走走走正能量路线。然而她只想好好完成每个任务,然后回到现实中过逍遥生活。但不包括陪大boss谈情说爱啊。就不能好好玩耍吗?系统。谁都知道西柚是黑心肝,但总有一个人不顾一切去爱上她,他不在乎她是从哪来也不在乎她是什么身份,他只在乎她是不是能够在他身边天荒地老。甜文宠文
  • 荒种

    荒种

    一群怀揣梦想的年轻人,背井离乡,只为奉献,她们年轻、奔放、坚强、隐忍、敢爱敢恨。用真情诠释人性的苦难与美好。本书讲述了一群生在齐鲁大地的知青,奔赴北大荒,把青春和热血献给那片土地的故事,乡土气息伴随社会思考。
  • 百家姓(语文新课标课外必读第二辑)

    百家姓(语文新课标课外必读第二辑)

    国家教育部颁布了最新《语文课程标准》,统称新课标,对中、小学语文教学指定了阅读书目,对阅读的数量、内容、质量以及速度都提出了明确的要求,这对于提高学生的阅读能力,培养语文素养,陶冶情操,促进学生终身学习和终身可持续发展,对于提高广大人民的文学素养具有极大的意义。
  • 内经博议

    内经博议

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 诡禁术合集

    诡禁术合集

    一个小镇上,一间荒废已久的商店!店主莫名的离去,留下一本古书!上面留下“我会回来找你们的!”李岩无意间进入了这个商店,又会发生什么事情呢?古书和商店背后隐藏了什么不可告人的秘密~~~敬请收看《诡禁术合集》。
  • 故梦落凡尘

    故梦落凡尘

    一个平凡的女孩,却有着不平凡的事迹,因为一次事故奇迹般的穿越了。从此她遇见了他,她,就是贺琉璃。一个纯净善良的女孩儿,虽然有时爱发脾,但她心里却处处为别人着想,面对好友会奋不顾身,把喜欢自己的人也当做朋友,面对重重考验,他们会完成自己的使命吗?那就请看《故梦落凡尘》吧!
  • 旧年的血迹

    旧年的血迹

    本书是第五届茅盾文学奖获得者阿来的作品集。收录老房子、奔马似的白色群山、环山的雪光、寐、旧年的血迹、生命、远方的地平线等小说。 当十年前的文学新星丛书收录阿来的这部小说集时,人们还不能真正体会这些描写阿坝藏族历史和现实生活小说的真谛,可随着他长篇小说《尘埃落定》的获奖,他早期的这些小说便透露出真正的艺术价值:那摇摇欲坠的"老房子"不正是土司制度衰微的缩影吗?那一步一趋的朝拜队伍不正是藏族寻求精神家园的写照吗?阿来正是从这本书开始起走向中国文学圣殿的。
  • 最强仙府升级系统

    最强仙府升级系统

    脚下是七彩祥云,手中是诛仙剑身上是金甲圣衣,后背是诸天神佛有了最强仙府系统的江天,从商店模式买到了吃下第一口,就能给人带去超能力的【恶魔果实】。身怀【九头尾兽】一念之间变身【死神,白一护,头牛一护】!脚踏九天十地,打怪升级!【超级系统爽文】
  • The Uncommercial Traveller

    The Uncommercial Traveller

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 猫咪初为人

    猫咪初为人

    黄子立闷哼一声,撞到前面的椅子靠背上。“额……你……”“你平时都是这么欺负女孩子的么?”本猫冷笑道。“呵,你果然不记得了。”黄子立捂着胸口说。“记得什么?”本猫问。黄子立顿时笑了,嬉皮笑脸的那种笑。然后他说:“我是你的男朋友呀!”额……哈哈……他是我男朋友,当红明星是本猫的男朋友,哈哈哈,这玩笑可开大了!“你笑什么?”黄子立说。“哈哈,难道不好笑么?”本猫反问,“那你又笑什么?”“你不信?”黄子立问。“信什么?”本猫猛然想起自己对主人的记忆感知有漏洞,万一他说的是真的,那本猫也说了真话,岂不是穿帮了本猫的人儿身的身份嘛。“我信不信,有区别吗?”