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第22章

Aruru.--One of the deities of Sippar and Aruru (in the time of the dynasty of Hammurabi called Ya'ruru), of which she was the chief goddess.Aruru was one of the names of the "lady of the gods," and aided Merodach to make the seed of mankind.

Bêl.--As this name means "lord," it could be applied, like the Ph?nician Baal, to the chief god of any city, as Bêl of Niffur, Bêl of Hursag-kalama, Bêl of Aratta, Bêl of Babylon, etc.This often indicates also the star which represented the chief god of a place.

Bêltu.--In the same way Bêltu, meaning "lady," meant also the chief goddess of any place, as "Aruru, lady of the gods of Sippar of Aruru,""Nin-mah, lady of the gods of ê-mah," a celebrated temple within Babylon, recently excavated by the Germans, "Nin-hur-saga, lady of the gods of Kê?," etc.

Bunene.--A god associated with ?ama? and I?tar at Sippar and elsewhere.He "gave" and "renewed" to his worshippers.

Dagan.--This deity, whose worship extends back to an exceedingly early date, is generally identified with the Ph?nician Dagon.Hammurabi seems to speak of the Euphrates as being "the boundary of Dagan," whom he calls his creator.In later inscriptions the form Daguna, which approaches nearer to the West Semitic form, is found in a few personal names.The Ph?nician statues of this deity showed him with the lower part of his body in the form of a fish (see 1 Sam.v.4).Whether the deities clothed in a fish's skin in the Nimroud gallery be Dagon or not is uncertain--they may be intended for êa or Aa, the Oannes of Berosus, who was represented in this way.Probably the two deities were regarded as identical.

Damu.--a goddess regarded as equivalent to Gula by the Babylonians and Assyrians.She was goddess of healing, and made one's dreams happy.

Dumu-zi-abzu, "Tammuz of the Abyss."--This was one of the six sons of êa or Aa, according to the lists.His worship is exceedingly ancient, and goes back to the time of E-anna-tum of Laga? (about 4000 B.C.).

What connection, if any, he may have with Tammuz, the spouse of I?tar, is unknown.Jastrow apparently regards him as a distinct deity, and translates his name "the child of the life of the water-deep."Elali.--A deity identified with the Hebrew Helal, the new moon.Only found in names of the time of the Hammurabi dynasty, in one of which he appears as "a creator."En-nugi is described as "lord of streams and canals," and "lord of the earth, lord of no-return." This last description, which gives the meaning of his name, suggests that he was one of the gods of the realm of Ere?-ki-gal, though he may have borne that name simply as god of streams, which always flow down, never the reverse.

Gibil.--One of the names of the god of fire, sometimes transcribed Girru by Assyriologists, the meaning apparently being "the fire-bearer" or "light-bearer." Girru is another name of this deity, and translates an ideographic group, rendered by Delitzsch "great" or "highest decider," suggesting the custom of trial by ordeal.He was identified with Nirig, in Semitic ênu-rê?tu.

Gu?qi-banda or Kuski-banda, one of the names of êa, probably as god of gold-workers.

I?um, "the glorious sacrificer," seemingly a name of the fire-god as a means whereby burnt offerings were made.N?r-I?um, "light of I?um," is found as a man's name.

Kaawanu, the planet Saturn.

Lagamal.--A god identified with the Elamite Lagamar, whose name is regarded as existing in Chedorlaomer (cf.Gen.xiv.2).He was the chief god of Mair, "the ship-city."Lugal-Amarada or Lugal-Marad.--This name means "king of Marad," a city as yet unidentified.The king of this place seems to have been Nerigal, of whom, therefore, Lugal-Marad is another name.

Lugal-banda.--This name means "the powerful king," or something similar, and the god bearing it is supposed to be the same as Nerigal.

His consort, however, was named Nin-sun (or Nin-gul).

Lugal-Du-azaga, "the king of the glorious seat."--The founder of êridu, "the good city within the Abyss," probably the paradise (or a paradise) of the world to come.As it was the aim of every good Babylonian to dwell hereafter with the god whom he had worshipped upon earth, it may be conjectured that this was the paradise in the domain of êa or Aa.

Mama, Mami.--Names of "the lady of the gods," and creatress of the seed of mankind, Aruru.Probably so called as the "mother" of all things.Another name of this goddess is Ama, "mother."Mammitum, Mamitum, goddess of fate.

Mur, one of the names of Addu or Rammanu (Hadad or Rimmon).

Nana or Nanaa was the consort of Nebo at Borsippa, but appears as a form of I?tar, worshipped, with Anu her father, at Erech.

Nin-aha-kuku, a name of êa or Aa and of his daughter as deity of the rivers, and therefore of gardens and plantations, which were watered by means of the small canals leading therefrom.As daughter of êa, this deity was also "lady of the incantation."Nin-azu, the consort of Ere?-ki-gal, probably as "lord physician." He is probably to be identified with Nerigal.

Nin-igi-nagar-si, a name somewhat more doubtful as to its reading than the others, designates êa or Aa as "the god of the carpenter." He seems to have borne this as "the great constructor of heaven" or "of Anu."Nin-mah, chief goddess of the temple ê-mah in Babylon.Probably to be identified with Aruru, and therefore with Zer-pan?tum.

Nin-?ah, a deity whose name is conjectured to mean "lord of the wild boar." He seems to have been a god of war, and was identified with Nirig or ênu-rê?tu and Pap-sukal.

Nin-sirsir, êa as the god of sailors.

Nin-sun, as pointed out by Jastrow, was probably the same as I?tar or Nana of Erech, where she had a shrine, with them, in ê-anna, "the house of Anu." He renders her name "the annihilating lady,"[*]

"appropriate for the consort of a sun-god," for such he regards Lugal-banda her spouse.King Sin-gasid of Erech (about 3000 B.C.) refers to her as his mother.

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