登陆注册
5186300000019

第19章 THE COMMODITY(17)

4.But not Romance political economy,since the contrast of English and French economists is repeated by the Italians in their two schools one at Naples and the other at Milan;whereas the Spaniards of the earlier period are either simply Mercantilists and modified Mercantilists like Ustariz,or follow Adam Smith in observing the happy mean like Jovellanos (see his Obras ,Barcelona,1839-40)5."True wealth ...is the complete enjoyment not only of the necessaries of life but also of all the superfluities and of everything that can give pleasure to the senses"(Boisguillebert,Dissertation sur la nature de la richesse ,etc.,p.403).But whereas Petty was just a frivolous,grasping,unprincipled adventurer,Boisguillebert,although he was one of the intendants of Louis XIV,stood up for the interests of the oppressed classes with both great intellectual force and courage.

6.French socialism as represented by Proudhon suffers from the same national failing.

7.Benjamin Franklin,A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency ,in The Works of Benjamin Franklin,edit.

by J.Sparks,Vol.II,Boston,1836.

8.Remarks and Facts relative to the American Paper Money ,1764(l.c.).

9.See Papers on American Politics,and Remarks and Facts relative to the American Paper Money,1764(l.c.).

10.See for instance Galiani,Della Moneta ,Vol.III,in Scrittori classici Italiani di Economia Politica (published by Custodi),Parte Moderna ,Milano,1803.He says:"It is only toil"(fatica )"which gives value to things",p.74.The term "fatica "for labour is characteristic of the southerner.

11.Steuart's work An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,Being an Essay on the Science of Domestic Policy in Free Nations was first published in London in 1767,in two quarto volumes,ten years earlier than Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations .I quote from the Dublin edition of 1770.

12.Steuart,op.cit.,Vol.I,pp.181-83.

13.Ibid.,pp.361-62.

14.Steuart therefore declares that the patriarchal form of agriculture,whose direct aim is the production of use-values for the owner of the land,is an abuse,although not in Sparta or Rome or even in Athens,but certainly in the industrial countries of the eighteenth century.This "abusive agriculture"is not "trade"but a mere means of subsistence.Just as bourgeois agriculture clears the land of superfluous mouths,so bourgeois manufacture clears the factory of superfluous hands.

15.Adam Smith writes for instance --"Equal quantities of labour,at all times and places,may be said to be of equal value to the labourer.In his ordinary state of health,strength,and spirits;in the ordinary degree of his skill and dexterity,he must always lay down the same portion of his ease,his liberty,and his happiness.The price which he pays must always be the same,whatever may be the quantity of goods which he receives in return for it.Of these,indeed,it may sometimes purchase a greater and sometimes a smaller nuantity,but it is their value which varies,not that of the labour which purchases them....Labour alone,therefore,never varying in its own value,is alone the ultimate and real standard by which the value of all commodities can ...be estimated....It is their real price...."[Wealth of Nations.Book I,Chapter V.]

16.David Ricardo,On the Principles of Political Economy,and Taxation ,Third Edition,London,1821,p.3.

17.Sismondi,Etudes sur l'économie politique ,tome II,Bruxelles,1838."Trade has reduced the whole matter to the antithesis of use-value and exchange-value."P.162.

18.Ibid .,pp.163-66et seq.

19.It probably assumes the most trivial form in J.B.Say's annotations to the French translation --prepared by Constancio --of Ricardo's work,and the most pedantic and presumptuous in Mr.Macleod's recently published Theory of Exchange ,London,1858.

20.This objection,which was advanced against Ricardo by bourgeois economists,was later taken up by socialists.Assuming that the formula was theoretically sound,they alleged that practice stood in conflict with the theory and demanded that bourgeois society should draw the practical conclusions supposedly arising from its theoretical principles.In this way at least English socialists turned Ricardo's formula of exchange-value against political economy.The feat of declaring not only that the basic principle of the old society was to be the principle of the new society,but also that he was the inventor of the formula used by Ricardo to summarise the final result of English classical economics,was reserved to M.Proudhon.It has been shown that the utopian interpretation of Ricardo's formula was already completely forgotten in England,when M.Proudhon "discovered"it on the other side of the Channel.(Cf.the section on la valeur constituée,in my Misere de la philosophie ...,Paris,1847.a)[See Karl Marx,The Poverty of Philosophy ,Moscow,1962,pp.43-49--Ed.]

同类推荐
  • 寿亲养老新书

    寿亲养老新书

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 铜符铁卷

    铜符铁卷

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 道德经注释

    道德经注释

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • buttered side down

    buttered side down

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • First Across the Continent

    First Across the Continent

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 霹雳之仙山之主

    霹雳之仙山之主

    九天玄尊为阻邪神之祸,一战消陨。天地之争,自昔年一战之后维系至此。人觉非常君,一字之差,为证人之最,癫狂入魔。法儒昔年情伤,流连德风古道。恰逢精灵天下至强者炀神出世,幽界一代王者夔禺疆霸道九五之路。八岐邪神八部众开路,欲要再侵神州。昔年玄尊闭门弟子仙穹自仙山涅槃归来再起江湖波澜。(新书最强中介系统,求支持)
  • 穿越之悍妃妖娆

    穿越之悍妃妖娆

    谁动了谁的琴弦响起了思念,谁守着谁的伤悲独自泪成涟,谁应了谁的劫,谁又变成了谁的执念,最后血月凶兆出现,他们这世注定不能相守吗?那来世再从相见到相知,相伴,从相伴到相惜,相爱,从相爱到相依,相守,可愿?【情节虚构,请勿模仿】
  • 楠爷的傲娇女友

    楠爷的傲娇女友

    白楠勾勾手指“跟着小爷走,保你不迷路”夏浅默屁颠屁颠的跟上了“你不早没说,是准备看我笑话?”“你也没问啊”……
  • 快穿之灵异女配

    快穿之灵异女配

    灵异女配无外乎两种选择:1,专职吓唬人;2,专职被吓唬。胆子奇小无比的陶小倩表示她两个都不想选,可惜她还是莫名穿进了各种灵异世界,完成不得不完成的灵异女配任务。陶小倩:完成任务有奖励吗?系统:有啊,看上哪个男鬼了?我免费送你!陶小倩:能不要男鬼吗?系统:女鬼也行,说,看上哪个了,不要客气!陶小倩:……老娘不要鬼,老娘要人!【情节虚构,请勿模仿】
  • 街角的老北京

    街角的老北京

    作为一名土生土长的北京人,阿龙伴随着这座古都一起成长,他看到处处皆文化的老北京正在渐渐只存在于人们的记忆里,灯火璀璨、人声喧嚣的现代都市逐渐崛起,心中满是怀念与不舍。于是写下《街角的老北京》,将目光投向北京的街头巷尾、古寺园林,并将目之所及且依稀尚存的原汁原味的老北京的风物图景记录下来。
  • 混沌世界——魔王之路

    混沌世界——魔王之路

    奥斯提亚,一个弱肉强食的世界。阿特凡斯,一个强大的年轻人。一次意外的事件,一个偶然的契机,一个逐渐膨胀的野心,铸就出了一条充满了黑暗,且无法得到救赎的道路。………………………………………………………………本文是以“反派”主角为中心的偏群像作品,从不同角色的视角推进剧情,以近乎上帝视角的方式讲述这个架空世界下发生的故事。
  • 强势老公,请低调!

    强势老公,请低调!

    “老婆,我要香香!”,某男厚颜无耻的扑倒;“日”复一“日”,年复一年,终于玛丽忍无可忍,一脚将他踹下床,“滚蛋,我不干了!”;“没有关系,你不干,我干,还不成吗?”他迷恋她身上的香味,而她在他霸道专制的爱中慢慢的沦陷。(欢迎大家收藏本书,比心!)
  • 黄帝阴符经集解

    黄帝阴符经集解

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 皇家学院:恋上倔强小公主

    皇家学院:恋上倔强小公主

    她,十足的活力宝宝,趁着哥哥崔圣骐去外国的空当,假扮其混进玛斐学院。她的出现就像一颗炸向玛斐学院的导弹,掀起轩然大波,卷起浓浓硝烟,只是没想到,有魔女之称的她也会有被镇压的时候!不!她要反抗反抗反抗。孔孔!!史上最无敌的崔艾丝要反击了,恶魔们,臣服吧!
  • 好口才看这本就够了

    好口才看这本就够了

    掌握了说话的本领,你就拥有了成功的巨大优势。一句恰到好处的话,可以改变一个人的命运。一个懂得说话艺术的人,一定是一个会做人办事的人。一本帮你训练口才技巧,让你快速学会说话的技巧和说话的艺术,瞬间拥有幽默口才、社交口才和魅力口才。