登陆注册
5186300000027

第27章 MONEY OR SIMPLE CIRCULATION(8)

But if the sale actually takes place,as we assume in this analysis of simple circulation,then this difficulty,the salto mortale of the commodity,is surmounted.As a result of this alienation --that is its transfer from the person for whom it is a non-use-value to the person for whom it is a use-value --the ton of iron proves to be in fact a use-value and its price is simultaneously realised,and merely imaginary gold is converted into real gold.The term "ounce of gold"or 317s.101/2d.,has now been replaced by an ounce of real gold,but the ton of iron has gone.The sale C --M does not merely transform the commodity --which by means of the price was nominally turned into gold --really into gold,but gold,which as measure of value was only nominally gold and in fact functioned only as the money name of commodities,is through the same process transformed into actual money.[1]As gold became nominally the universal equivalent,because the values of all commodities were measured in terms of gold,so now,as a result of the universal alienation of commodities in exchange for it --and the sale C --M is the procedure by which this universal alienation is accomplished --does it become the absolutely alienated commodity,i.e real money.But gold becomes real money through sale,only because the exchange-values of commodities expressed in prices were already converted into nominal gold.

During the sale C --M,and likewise during the purchase M --C,two commodities,i.e.,units of exchange-value and use-value,confront each other;but in the case of the commodity exchange-value exists merely nominally as its price,whereas in the case of gold,although it has real use-value,its use-value merely represents exchange-value and is therefore merely a formal use-value which is not related to any real individual need.The contradiction of use-value and exchange-value is thus polarised at the two extreme points of C --M,so that with regard to gold the commodity represents use-value whose nominal exchange-value,the price,still has to be realised in gold;with regard to the commodity,on the other hand,gold represents exchange-value whose formal use-value still has to acquire a material form in the commodity.The contradictions inherent in the exchange of commodities are resolved only by reason of this duplication of the commodity so that it appears as commodity and gold,and again by way of the dual and opposite relation in which each extreme is nominal where its opposite is real,and real where its opposite is nominal,in other words they are resolved only by means of presenting commodities as bilateral polar opposites.

So far we have regarded C --M as a sale,as the conversion of a commodity into money.But if we consider it from the other side,then the same transaction appears,on the contrary,as M --C,a purchase,the conversion of money into a commodity.A sale is inevitably and simultaneously its opposite,a purchase;it is the former if one looks at the transaction from one side and the latter if one sees it from the other.In other words,the difference between the transactions is in reality merely that in C --M the initiative comes from the side of the commodity or of the seller while in M --C it comes from the side of money or of the purchaser.When we describe the first metamorphosis of the commodity,its transformation into money,as the result of the first phase of the circuit,we simultaneously presuppose that another commodity has already been converted into money and is therefore now in the second phase of the circuit,M --C.We are thus caught up in a vicious circle of presuppositions.This vicious circle is indeed circulation itself.If we do not regard M in C --M as belonging to the metamorphosis of another commodity,then we isolate the act of exchange from the process of circulation.But if it is separated from the process,the phase C --M disappears and there remain only two commodities which confront each other,for instance iron and gold,whose exchange is not a distinct part of the cycle but is direct barter.At the place where gold is produced,it is a commodity like any other commodity.Its relative value and that of iron or of any other commodity is there reflected in the quantities in which they are exchanged for one another.But this transaction is presupposed in the process of circulation,the value of gold is already given in the prices of commodities.It would therefore be entirely wrong to assume that within the framework of circulation ,the relation of gold and commodities is that of direct barter and that consequently their relative value is determined by their exchange as simple commodities.It seems as though in the process of circulation gold were exchanged merely as a commodity for other commodities,but this illusion arises simply because a definite quantity of a given commodity is equalised by means of prices with a definite quantity of gold:that is,it is compared with gold as money,the universal equivalent,and consequently it can be directly exchanged for gold.In so far as the price of a commodity is realised in gold,the commodity is exchanged for gold as a commodity,as a particular materialisation of labour-time;but in so far as it is the price of the commodity that is realised in gold,the commodity is exchanged for gold as money and not as a commodity,i.e.,for gold as the materialisation of general labour-time.But the quantity of gold for which the commodity is exchanged in the process of circulation is in both cases determined not by means of exchange,but the exchange is determined by the price of the commodity,by its exchange-value calculated in terms of gold.[2]

同类推荐
热门推荐
  • 残婚

    残婚

    他,苏氏总裁,却在六年前被人陷害,错要一个女人的身体。那一夜,他纵横驰骋,不顾女子的生涩,残虐掠夺,不料,此景被心爱之人撞破,爱人含恨远走,六年无音讯。他,升入天堂的同时,也坠入地狱,从此,他恨她,漠视她,哪怕她给他养育一子。她,生性淡泊,却在十八岁那年失身于一个冷情总裁。那一夜,她苦苦哀求,却终是被男人毁了清白,她身心俱损,一夜欢爱更是成为夜夜梦魇。因为怀孕,她被迫加入豪门,生下一子,依然在夹缝中生存,从此,她畏他,惧他,哪怕,他是儿子的父亲。六年来,他视她如无物,她更是对他敬而远之,六年的相处,他们相敬如宾,眼中没有彼此。六年后,他的爱人归来,一纸离婚协议将两人的关系画上句号,他如释负重,她亦是松了一口气。可孩子的病又让两人无法遏制的纠缠在一起,剪不断,理还乱,是牵绊?亦或是宿命?......新文出炉《与高官过招—前夫好腹黑》求收藏!本文配乐:刘畊宏的<彩虹天堂>【苏慕凉】--苏氏总裁,深爱着一位如烟般的女人,却由于另一个女人的介入痛失所爱。【夏以沫】--单纯,善良,秀外慧中的女子,六年前的无奈造就了她与青梅竹马的分离,并开始了与众多男人的纠缠。【邹寒烟】--深爱着苏慕凉,心高气傲,有脾性,不堪接受所爱之人与别的女人发生关系,出国深造。【冷亦寒】--喜欢邹寒烟,爱到入骨,为了她,强掠豪夺欲将寒烟的最大威胁囚禁在自己身边。【轩泽俊】--夏以沫的青梅竹马,力量薄弱之时,失去了她,让她在豪门中受尽欺辱,力量强了,便想夺回她。————-————————抢先版———————————————————礼堂内,一对新人深情凝望,交换钻戒,耀眼的光芒折射出二人的幸福!礼堂外,一个女子坐在墙角,仰望天空,太阳好大,好刺眼,泪水爬上脸颊,好苦涩!你是他吗?如果你是,又为何要娶她?如果你不是,又为何与他如此相似?忘了吧,忘了吧,起身,离开,挥一挥衣袖,不带走一片云彩,尽管前行的路是那么难,那么难!曾经相识两不知,而今相望应不识!————————————精彩片段——————————————————“看,那就是你心爱的男人!他们正在和我们做着相同的事!”,苏慕凉伏在女子耳边冷魅低语,无视她的眼泪和不愿,一个挺身进入,头顶前方却传来另一对男女的喘息和申吟。
  • 我和女鬼有个约会

    我和女鬼有个约会

    我们这儿兴闹伴娘,表哥结婚那天闹死了伴娘,而她的阴魂却缠住了我......自从我能够听到他们临死前的声音,我的人生再无宁日!
  • 逆时小特工

    逆时小特工

    2166年,校园里暴力欺凌事件愈演愈烈,国际教育联盟决定发明“暴力控制器”来解决这个问题。在多次研究未果的情况下,五年级小学生朵儿意外成为该项目的负责人。但是,合作者亨特博士为了一己私欲,给朵儿设置了一个又一个陷阱,眼看研究就要失败了……朵儿和好朋友小杰在粒子机器人小光的帮助下,在模拟的时空中和孔子、柏拉图探讨公平的问题,努力寻找消除暴力的方法。朵儿和小杰用他们的机智和勇敢,为消除校园欺凌经历了哪些有趣的事?《逆时小特工》,带你走进一个不一样的童年时代。
  • 一嘴泥土

    一嘴泥土

    贫苦大学毕业生王大虎回到沟壑,一个月的暴烈生活,使得沟壑这个既是伊甸园又是炼狱的家园承受了生活的荒诞、狂热、臆想和羞耻,还有难以维护的尊严。它揭示的是卑微和真相,是一嘴坚硬的泥土。
  • What It Is Like to Go to War
  • 生个儿子是阎王

    生个儿子是阎王

    五年前,我生了一个孩子,看过孩子样子的人都死了。五年后,我遇到一个男人,男人说他是我孩子的父亲。
  • 第十三号窨井

    第十三号窨井

    由一名施姓女子暴雨天不慎掉入未盖好盖头的窨井中,引出一起尘封多年的连环杀人命案的真相。在破案过程中重案组的五人经历了各种匪夷所思的事情之后各自成长的故事。
  • 中外民间故事杂谈(下)

    中外民间故事杂谈(下)

    “中外民间故事杂谈”包括上下两册,精选了古今中外各种幻想故事、动物故事、生活故事、民间寓言和民间笑话等数百则,是启迪智慧、增长知识、扩大视野的良好读物,也是青少年学习和研究民间故事的最佳版本,非常适合各级图书馆收藏和陈列。下册收录了尼西情舞的由来、佛教圣地的传说、天津城也叫算盘城、石林彝族火把节的传说、春节的由来、中秋节的由来、泼水节的由来、“爱鸟周”的由来、贴“囍”字的由来、生日祝寿的由来、“压岁钱”的由来、献哈达的由来、比萨饼的由来。
  • 破红芪

    破红芪

    她是百年的孤鬼,他是佛祖座下的伏虎罗汉。后来,她转世了,做了七世的尼姑。最后一世,才遇到了陈阿虎。却烟消云散,化为须有。佛祖大发慈悲,把阿芪散破的魂魄收集在一颗念珠上,在后来,那颗念珠被佛祖赠给了伏虎罗汉……
  • 八面玲珑的处世绝学

    八面玲珑的处世绝学

    本书提取了众多著名成功学大师的成功理论精髓。与一般的成功学教程不同,它不是板起面孔的说教,而是全方位探讨创造成功,助您成功是本书惟一的目标。在介绍方法与技巧时,又引述了各领域的名人事例,作为典型加以分析。