登陆注册
5187900000023

第23章

The National Assembly had itself forbidden the coalition of the workers against its bourgeois.And the clubs -- what were they but a coalition of the whole working class against the whole bourgeois class, the formation of a workers' state against the bourgeois state? Were they not just so many constituent assemblies of the proletariat and just so many military detachments of revolt in fighting trim -- what the constitution was to constitute above all else was the rule of the bourgeoisie.By the right of association the constitution, therefore, could manifestly mean only associations that harmonized with the rule of the bourgeoisie, that is, with bourgeois order.If for reasons of theoretical propriety it expressed itself in general terms, were not the government and the National Assembly there to interpret and apply it in a special case, And if in the primeval epoch of the republic the clubs actually were forbidden by the state of siege, had they not to be forbidden in the ordered, constituted republic by the law? The tri-color republicans had nothing to oppose to this prosaic interpretation of the constitution but the high-flown phraseology of the constitution.A section of them, Pagnerre, Duclerc, etc., voted for the ministry and thereby gave it a majority.The others, with the archangel Cavaignac and the father of the church Marrast at their head, retired, after the article on the prohibition of the clubs had gone through, to a special committee room, jointly with Ledru-Rollin and the Montagne --"and held a council." The National Assembly was paralyzed; it no longer had a quorum.At the right time, M.Cr6mieux remembered in the committee room that the way from here led directly to the street and that it was no longer February, 1848, but March, 1849.The party of the National, suddenly enlightened, returned to the National Assembly's hall of session, behind it the Montagne, duped once more.The latter, constantly tormented by revolutionary longings, just as constantly clutched at constitutional possibilities, and still felt itself more in place behind the bourgeois republicans than in front of the revolutionary proletariat.Thus the comedy was played.

And the Constituent Assembly itself had decreed that the violation of the letter of the constitution was the only appropriate realization of its spirit.

There was only one point left to settle, the relation of the constituted republic to the European revolution, its foreign policy.On May 8, 1849, unwonted excitement prevailed in the Constituent Assembly, whose term of life was due to end in a few days.The attack of the French army on Rome, its repulse by the Romans, its political infamy and military disgrace, the foul assassination of the Roman republic by the French republic --the first Italian campaign of the second Bonaparte -- was on the order of the day.The Montagne had once more played its great trump; Ledru-Rollin had laid on the President's table the inevitable bill of impeachment against the ministry, and this time also against Bonaparte, for violation of the constitution.

The motive of May 8 was repeated later as the motive of June 13.

Let us get clear about the expedition to Rome.

As early as the middle of November, 1848, Cavaignac had sent a battle fleet to Civita Vecchia in order to protect the Pope, to take him on board and ship him over to France.The Pope was to consecrate the respectable republic, and to insure the election of Cavaignac as President.With the Pope, Cavaignac wanted to angle for the priests, with the priests for the peasants, and with the peasants for the presidency.The expedition of Cavaignac, an election advertisement in its immediate purpose, was at the same time a protest and a threat against the Roman revolution.It contained in embryo France's intervention in favor of the Pope.

This intervention on behalf of the Pope, in association with Austria and Naples against the Roman republic, was decided at the first meeting of Bonaparte's ministerial council, on December 23.Falloux in the ministry -- that meant the Pope in Rome -- and in the Rome of the Pope.Bonaparte no longer needed the Pope in order to become the President of the peasants;but he needed the conservation of the Pope in order to conserve the peasants of the President.Their credulity had made him President.With faith they would lose credulity, and with the Pope, faith.And the Orléanists and Legitimists in coalition, who ruled in Bonaparte's name! Before the king was restored, the power that consecrates kings had to be restored.

Apart from their royalism: without the old Rome, subject to his temporal rule, no Pope; without the Pope, no Catholicism; without Catholicism, no French religion, and without religion, what would become of the old French society? The mortgage the peasant has on heavenly possessions guarantees the mortgage the bourgeois has on peasant possessions.The Roman revolution was therefore an attack on property, on the bourgeois order, dreadful as the June Revolution.Reestablished bourgeois rule in France required the restoration of papal rule in Rome.Finally, to smite the Roman revolutionists was to smite the allies of the French revolutionists; the alliance of the counterrevolutionary classes in the constituted French republic was necessarily supplemented by the alliance of the French republic with the Holy Alliance, with Naples and Austria.

The decision of the ministerial council on December 23 was no secret to the Constituent Assembly.On January 8 Ledru-Rollin had interpellated the ministry about it; the ministry had denied it and the National Assembly had proceeded to the order of the day.Did it trust the word of the ministry We know it spent the whole month of January giving the ministry no-confidence votes.But if it was part of the ministry's role to lie, it was part of the National Assembly's role to feign belief in its lie and thereby save republican dehors [face].

同类推荐
  • 幼仪杂箴

    幼仪杂箴

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 移使鄂州,次岘阳馆

    移使鄂州,次岘阳馆

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 画继

    画继

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • A Woman of Thirty

    A Woman of Thirty

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 普贤菩萨发愿文

    普贤菩萨发愿文

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 儒学与人生

    儒学与人生

    本书分为《儒学》与《人生》两编。《儒学编》主要从儒家哲学史的方面,分别论述了先秦的孔子、孟子、荀子的思想,汉代大儒董仲舒及宋代道学的集大成者朱熹的思想。《人生编》讲对儒学要全面地理解,儒学以修身为本,修己安人,德行为先,贵在提高人的思想境界,给人一个安身立命之地。儒学的核心是“仁体礼用”“礼之用,和为贵”。和而不同,各得其所,各尽其能,各安其位,各司其事,各尽其职。自强不息,和谐共进,日新又新,达于尽善尽美,臻于世界大同。
  • 儿童职业启蒙120:我的第一本职业体验书

    儿童职业启蒙120:我的第一本职业体验书

    本书紧扣孩子的心理特点,从孩子的视角出发,以五个小伙伴、四个大家庭的生活故事为主,为孩子介绍社会上各式各样的职业。本书分为四个篇章,分别帮助孩子了解各种熟悉的职业、佩服的职业、有趣的职业以及好奇的职业,从而激发孩子的学习兴趣,亲身体验各种职业的乐趣。本书涵盖上百种职业,不仅有妙趣横生的成长故事,而且配有生动有趣的漫画,让孩子在了解职业知识的同时,激发无限的想象力,并且更加充分地认识自我。
  • 圣域

    圣域

    圣域之上,地域辽阔,宗门林立,墨枫走下伏阴山,一步步了解了这圣域的大秘密,原来这圣域只是.........
  • 健康性知识答问

    健康性知识答问

    夫妻间的性困扰,有个性,也有共性。《健康性知识答问》源于我多年性咨询的个案,几乎包罗了婚姻中可能遇到的各种性困扰。即使你当前正处于性生活的美满阶段,《健康性知识答问》中的个案也可以让你防患于未然。毕竟,性生活的美满境界,只有更好,没有最好。
  • 王者荣耀之横扫无敌

    王者荣耀之横扫无敌

    荣耀百星王者,稀里糊涂闯进电竞风靡的世界,露娜还没有被开发?妲己克李白?鲁班是提款机?那就让你们见识一下新发明的威力吧。横扫无敌开黑群720312941,喜欢清净的书友可以到这里来当一个安安静静的帅哥美女。
  • 总有青春挽若猪

    总有青春挽若猪

    亲情是伟大的,爱情是刻骨的,友情是长久的。
  • 杀手也穿越系列之云无痕

    杀手也穿越系列之云无痕

    【本情节纯属虚构,请勿模仿】她柔若无骨的手轻滑过他愤怒的脸颊,指若兰花,笑眼盈盈:“虽然我胆子小,看见血就害怕,但是杀一两个人的胆子却还是有的。”她是另外一个时空穿越过来的女杀手,笑,是她最好的武器。盈盈一笑间,谁生谁死?谁心沉浮?
  • 东瀛纪事

    东瀛纪事

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 紫砂记

    紫砂记

    公元1937年3月,正是江南“千里莺啼绿映红”的时节,上海“紫瓯轩”壶庄的老板古镜愚来到了宜兴丁蜀镇,从一个破落的名门之后手中买下了清代道光年间一代壶艺大师邵大亨的掇球壶,价格是1万2千大洋。这笔钱是怎样一个概念?当时1块大洋可买25斤左右的猪肉,3块大洋可买1克黄金,一个4口之家的正常月开销在8至10块大洋左右。而在古镜愚之前,一位东南亚富商愿出8千大洋收下此壶,随后苏富比派人专程追到宜兴,愿出1万大洋……
  • 校园三剑客13·拯救异世界

    校园三剑客13·拯救异世界

    彗星就要撞击地球了!为了保卫地球,数以千计的核弹头,在同一时间,从不同国家的导弹发射架上向彗星发射出去!就在人们以为警报已经解除时,一块小天体碎片落到了张小开家附近,从此,一些奇怪的事便发生了。孩子们的生物钟被打乱、已经灭绝的霸王龙离奇再现、相声里的关公战秦琼就在眼前上演、一个与张小开一模一样的少年出现、凶恶的骷髅党士兵与少年们展开追逐战……这是怎么回事?校园三剑客最后终于发现,原来这一切都与神秘的异次元世界有关……