登陆注册
5214100000065

第65章

Judging by the lessons of the past, and by the symptoms that strike the attention on every side, several of our modern civilisations have reached that phase of extreme old age which precedes decadence.It seems inevitable that all peoples should pass through identical phases of existence, since history is so often seen to repeat its course.

It is easy to note briefly these common phases of the evolution of civilisations, and I shall terminate this work with a summary of them.This rapid sketch will perhaps throw some gleams of light on the causes of the power at present wielded by crowds.

If we examine in their main lines the genesis of the greatness and of the fall of the civilisations that preceded our own, what do we see?

At the dawn of civilisation a swarm of men of various origin, brought together by the chances of migrations, invasions, and conquests.Of different blood, and of equally different languages and beliefs, the only common bond of union between these men is the half-recognised law of a chief.The psychological characteristics of crowds are present in an eminent degree in these confused agglomerations.They have the transient cohesion of crowds, their heroism, their weaknesses, their impulsiveness, and their violence.Nothing is stable in connection with them.They are barbarians.

At length time accomplishes its work.The identity of surroundings, the repeated intermingling of races, the necessities of life in common exert their influence.The assemblage of dissimilar units begins to blend into a whole, to form a race; that is, an aggregate possessing common characteristics and sentiments to which heredity will give greater and greater fixity.The crowd has become a people, and this people is able to emerge from its barbarous state.However, it will only entirely emerge therefrom when, after long efforts, struggles necessarily repeated, and innumerable recommencements, it shall have acquired an ideal.The nature of this ideal is of slight importance; whether it be the cult of Rome, the might of Athens, or the triumph of Allah, it will suffice to endow all the individuals of the race that is forming with perfect unity of sentiment and thought.

At this stage a new civilisation, with its institutions, its beliefs, and its arts, may be born.In pursuit of its ideal, the race will acquire in succession the qualities necessary to give it splendour, vigour, and grandeur.At times no doubt it will still be a crowd, but henceforth, beneath the mobile and changing characteristics of crowds, is found a solid substratum, the genius of the race which confines within narrow limits the transformations of a nation and overrules the play of chance.

After having exerted its creative action, time begins that work of destruction from which neither gods nor men escape.Having reached a certain level of strength and complexity a civilisation ceases to grow, and having ceased to grow it is condemned to a speedy decline.The hour of its old age has struck.

This inevitable hour is always marked by the weakening of the ideal that was the mainstay of the race.In proportion as this ideal pales all the religious, political, and social structures inspired by it begin to be shaken.

With the progressive perishing of its ideal the race loses more and more the qualities that lent it its cohesion, its unity, and its strength.The personality and intelligence of the individual may increase, but at the same time this collective egoism of the race is replaced by an excessive development of the egoism of the individual, accompanied by a weakening of character and a lessening of the capacity for action.What constituted a people, a unity, a whole, becomes in the end an agglomeration of individualities lacking cohesion, and artificially held together for a time by its traditions and institutions.It is at this stage that men, divided by their interests and aspirations, and incapable any longer of self-government, require directing in their pettiest acts, and that the State exerts an absorbing influence.

With the definite loss of its old ideal the genius of the race entirely disappears; it is a mere swarm of isolated individuals and returns to its original state--that of a crowd.Without consistency and without a future, it has all the transitory characteristics of crowds.Its civilisation is now without stability, and at the mercy of every chance.The populace is sovereign, and the tide of barbarism mounts.The civilisation may still seem brilliant because it possesses an outward front, the work of a long past, but it is in reality an edifice crumbling to ruin, which nothing supports, and destined to fall in at the first storm.

To pass in pursuit of an ideal from the barbarous to the civilised state, and then, when this ideal has lost its virtue, to decline and die, such is the cycle of the life of a people.

End

同类推荐
  • 上清太上八素真经

    上清太上八素真经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 栖云真人王志谨盘山语录

    栖云真人王志谨盘山语录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 修文

    修文

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 清代学术概论

    清代学术概论

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 燮云玑禅师国清无畏堂语录

    燮云玑禅师国清无畏堂语录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 格子衬衫上的仲夏已逝

    格子衬衫上的仲夏已逝

    麻娑,麻娑。我们是红蚁的后族,做我的王后。我们要一起穿越那片金黄的麦田,爬到卡克布齐的向日葵上进行我们的婚礼,听说那的日落是世界上最美的。
  • 名门婚事:阎少的心尖宠

    名门婚事:阎少的心尖宠

    “阎擎天,我有腿,我自己走。”“阎擎天,我有手,衣服我自己穿。”“阎擎天,我有手也有嘴。饭我自己吃,”“阎擎天,妈蛋,滚开,我有腿、有手、有嘴,我不是废人……”一纸婚书,她和认识不到三天,人人口中的恶人,圈内知名贵少爷阎擎天结了婚。婚后,她的事,他可谓全权代劳,就连……幸好洗澡她还可以自己来。别告诉她,这就是上流社会的有钱任性?某日,她没法再忍,怒吼道:“阎擎天,有本事明天就给老娘办个残疾证回来。”
  • 倾城儍妃:王爷,别逼姐扔鞋

    倾城儍妃:王爷,别逼姐扔鞋

    听老师话的好孩子穿越了,可是她穿越成了一个婴儿不成,还成了一个庶出之女。没有人爱,没有疼的,乖乖,这里还有那么高深的武功,她怎么可能会错过呢?结果武功、医术都还成。可是却遇到了他们......
  • 拜堂不洞房:王妃不给力

    拜堂不洞房:王妃不给力

    【本故事纯属虚构】他以为她费劲心思的想要嫁给他。。。没料想,她却是一门心思的想要逃离他,和自己的挚友厮守;天凉国高高在上的王爷,何曾受过这样的侮辱。。。他决定要征服她。。。暴力、抠门、性别抽象平胸女王小妃VS花心、冷血、男女通杀妖魅男乔禹一。茉:两方皆实力战将,输赢难料,欢迎大家下注。。。
  • 大佛顶广聚陀罗尼经

    大佛顶广聚陀罗尼经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 逆天大邪神

    逆天大邪神

    平凡少年、誓要崛起。偶得最低阶的功法,他没有绝世的领悟能力,没有天纵奇才,但是凭借着一股韧劲,他疯狂升级!惊人的修炼,依然可以逆天!踏平上界大能,不屑神级功法,一代邪神,横空出世!
  • 醒园录

    醒园录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 金匮要略(中华实用方剂大典)

    金匮要略(中华实用方剂大典)

    《金匮要略》用方遣药法圆机活,出神入化。其一方中药物或增或减,只在一味两味,而方义主治则别于天壤。尤其用一方治多病,或治一病选数方,更是该书运用方剂之显著特点。如八味肾气丸一方,既治虚劳腰痛,又治痰饮之“短气有微饮”;既治消渴,又治妇人转胞不得溺,此一方之治多病也。再如,胸痹心痛,枳实薤白桂枝汤主之,人参汤亦主之;痰饮病痛“短气有微饮”,苓桂术甘汤主之,肾气丸亦主之;病溢饮者,大青龙汤主之,小青龙汤亦主之等,此一病之用数方也。象这样的例子举不胜举。
  • 人生要耐得住寂寞

    人生要耐得住寂寞

    成功非一蹴而就,高尔基曾说过“凡事皆有终结,因此,耐心是赢得成功的一种手段。”爱情亦如此,宁缺毋滥。我选择用一生独自等待,我的成功……我的爱……
  • 极品妖孽圣医

    极品妖孽圣医

    左手无上魔功,右手惊天医术,以万魔之体重生少年时。上一世,我眼睁睁看着家族破碎、亲人离散、爱人玉殒,却无能无力!这一世,必将屠尽万千负我狗,杀尽万世辱我人,记住,你命由我不由天!