登陆注册
5214200000132

第132章

Socrates is said to have been the first who directed the entire effort of philosophy to the correction and regulation of manners, all who went before him having expended their greatest efforts in the investigation of physical, that is, natural phenomena.However, it seems to me that it cannot be certainly discovered whether Socrates did this because he was wearied of obscure and uncertain things, and so wished to direct his mind to the discovery of something manifest and certain, which was necessary in order to the obtaining of a blessed life,--that one great object toward which the labor, vigilance, and industry of all philosophers seem to have been directed,--or whether (as some yet more favorable to him suppose)he did it because he was unwilling that minds defiled with earthly desires should essay to raise themselves upward to divine things.For he saw that the causes of things were sought for by them,--which causes he believed to be ultimately reducible to nothing else than the will of the one true and supreme God,--and on this account he thought they could only be comprehended by a purified mind; and therefore that all diligence ought to be given to the purification of the life by good morals, in order that the mind, delivered from the depressing weight of lusts, might raise itself upward by its native vigor to eternal things, and might, with purified understanding, contemplate that nature which is incorporeal and unchangeable light, where live the causes of all created natures.It is evident, however, that he hunted out and pursued, with a wonderful pleasantness of style and argument, and with a most pointed and insinuating urbanity, the foolishness of ignorant men, who thought that they knew this or that,--sometimes confessing his own ignorance, and sometimes dissimulating his knowledge, even in those very moral questions to which he seems to have directed the whole force of his mind.And hence there arose hostility against him, which ended in his being calumniously impeached, and condemned to death.Afterwards, however, that very city of the Athenians, which had publicly condemned him, did publicly bewail him,--the popular indignation having turned With such vehemence on his accusers, that one of them perished by the violence of the multitude, whilst the other only escaped a like punishment by voluntary and perpetual exile.

Illustrious, therefore, both in his life and in his death, Socrates left very many disciples of his philosophy, who vied with one another in desire for proficiency in handling those moral questions which concern the chief good (summum bonum), the possession of which can make a man blessed;and because, in the disputations of Socrates, where he raises all manner of questions, makes assertions, and then demolishes them, it did not evidently appear what he held to be the chief good, every one took from these disputations what pleased him best, and every one placed the final good(1) in whatever it appeared to himself to consist.Now, that which is called the final good is that at which, when one has arrived, he is blessed.But so diverse were the opinions held by those followers of Socrates concerning this final good, that (a thing scarcely to be credited with respect to the followers of one master) some placed the chief good in pleasure, as Aristippus, others in virtue, as Antisthenes.Indeed, it were tedious to recount the various opinions of various disciples.

CHAP.4.--CONCERNING PLATO, THE CHIEF AMONGTHE DISCIPLES OF SOCRATES, AND HIS THREEFOLD DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY.

同类推荐
  • 宫女卷

    宫女卷

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 佛说称扬诸佛功德经

    佛说称扬诸佛功德经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 止山集

    止山集

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 哮喘门

    哮喘门

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 无量度人上品妙经旁通图

    无量度人上品妙经旁通图

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 梦幻西游之神坑系统

    梦幻西游之神坑系统

    孟轩在一次百无聊赖时间节点,不小心收获了一个所谓的梦幻西游神级系统。系统的存在,驱使孟轩重新接触梦幻西游。升级打怪,组团搞事情。一个字“爽”。新书《联盟全能大玩家》,有兴趣的看下哈。
  • 中国古代宦官传

    中国古代宦官传

    宦官是中国古代专供皇帝、君主及其家族役使的官员。先秦和西汉时期并非全是阉人。自东汉开始,则全为被阉割后失去性能力而成为不男不女的中性人。又称寺人、阉(奄)人、阉官、宦者、中官、内官、内臣、内侍、内监等。中国封建社会里皇宫中专用宦官侍奉皇帝及其家族的制度。它是中国封建专制制度的特有产物。历史上多次发生宦官专权、干预朝政,对中国封建社会政治有重要影响。《中国古代宦官传》本书讲述了“秦朝宦官赵高、东汉宦官张让、唐代宦官李辅国”等等一些宦官的故事。
  • 宋明理学概述

    宋明理学概述

    中国思想史上,两汉以后,儒学渐微,庄、老代兴,而佛学东来,递兴日盛,至隋唐而臻全盛。然佛学盛极转衰,继之则宋学崛起,而为新儒学之复兴,另辟新局。宋初诸儒,其议论识见、精神意气,有跨汉唐而上追先秦之概。周濂溪以下,转趋精微,遂为宋明理学开山,而后有二程、张载、朱熹乃至于王阳明之学术盛世。本书成书于1953年,自宋学之兴起,下迄晚明遗老,分五十六目,将此六百年间理学发展衍变之迹,溯源穷流,作简明扼要之叙述。
  • 田缘风华景

    田缘风华景

    暮芸因被顾老爷看上,顾夫人嫉妒,所以叫人打了暮芸板子然后将尸身扔到了小山沟里,恰巧被上山的袁氏遇见,所以将暮芸带回了家,暮芸很感激袁氏一家人救她谁知袁氏救她是为了让她替自己的女儿烟芜嫁到一个穷山沟里,暮芸迫不得已嫁给林锦言,成婚当天才知道林锦言就是当初她逃跑时救她的人。
  • 蓬莱之歌

    蓬莱之歌

    十六岁的高中女生许夏沫出生于占卜世家,自称菜鸟级的占卜少女。其父在一次事故中失踪,许夏沫被一名漂亮的男人苍术收养,并告诉她,父亲是被蓬莱门所吞噬。许夏沫决心要寻回父亲,从而与苍术踏上了漫长艰辛的寻父之路,最终来到了父亲的故乡——R市。但R市已经沦陷,妖异之物可以在白天公然袭击人类。她在开学途中,无意救下了可以驱使鸾鸟的少年宋华意、平凡的人类少年顾雪藏、搞笑却身份神秘的牙医师走等,他们和她一起去寻找父亲。然而寻父之路困难重重,她也慢慢发现这些伙伴有不为人知的身份……一场惊险曲折的少女心灵成长大戏,一部解读亲情、友情、正义的励志奇趣故事,不容错过。
  • 牙签小子

    牙签小子

    牙签小子成长记!牙签小子成长记!牙签小子成长记!牙签小子成长记!
  • 萌妻当道:帝少,拼个婚

    萌妻当道:帝少,拼个婚

    要不是因为伤心过度,她会跑去找牛郎?跟他嘿嘿嘿?还是把他狠狠糟蹋的那种?不过嘛,上都上了,大不了给钱呗,可是,谁知道人家会摇身一变?变成了自己躲都躲不及的存在。还......“不以结婚为目的的恋爱都是耍流氓,我只想对你耍流氓,没想对你负责。”她一板一眼的跟他说。“可是,老婆,我怎么觉得你说的是反话呢?”他抚摸着他的脸,她愣了一下,却实在想不出这句话到底有什么问题。他微微一笑“不以耍流氓为目的的恋爱,都是想结婚,老婆,你这是在向我求婚吗?”
  • 公爵的逃妻

    公爵的逃妻

    原书名《滥情公爵虐情妃》片段一:“停车。”她铿锵有力的声音在这豪华的轿车内盘旋。“该死的。谁让你停车了?继续开。”他怒吼出声。“王叔,麻烦您停车。如果您不停,我就跳车。”她忍无可忍,对着司机威胁道。“不准停,否则你这个司机明天就走人。”他同样厉声威胁道。“少奶奶,这…”司机为难着。于是她沉默了三秒钟,对着后视境看了一眼那一对暧昧不清的人。毅然决然的打开了车门跳了下去。纵使她功夫绝佳,可是由于车速太快,她的腕上和腿处还是擦破了皮。于是,车子紧急刹车,车轮与地面发生剧烈摩擦的刺耳声。他快速的打开车门,急切的奔向她来。劈头盖脸就是一顿训斥。“你这个女人是不是找死啊?”*****他是晟瀚集团总裁,他是英国皇室贵族菲尔德公爵,他更是烈焰门首领——晟泽尧他说:“以前是我错,但是从今以后,不管你恨我也好,怨我也好,对你我再也不会放手了。”他是全球最大的黑暗组织火龙门门主——玄冥他说:“不管你以后选择的是谁,这辈子我唯一想保护的就是你。”他是全亚洲最大的财团三菱财团的继承人——松井谦边他说:“只要你愿意,我可以为你放弃继承人的位置,甚至是我的国籍。”*****本文正剧,女主是由弱到强。并不是她懦弱,而是她为了爱,隐忍自己,迎合别人。最后她会爆发,像火山一样爆发!(偶滴简介已经改了N多回了,如果亲们相信偶滴话就直接看文吧!)喜欢公爵文滴亲亲,多多投票,多多收藏哦!你们滴一个小小滴支持就是偶写文最大滴动力!偶制作了一个靓靓滴视频,亲们可以看看哈。&pstyle=1推荐好友滴文文:《王爷的双面王妃》文若曦《护士王妃》花花非公子《娘子,你别太嚣张》夜初友情链接:《不准叫师傅》
  • 权谋御心

    权谋御心

    情有可原的谋害,就是无罪?给一巴掌喂个糖,就是无害?前世渣男今世遇,就是猿粪?呸呸呸,谁一辈子就执着一人?叶秋白瞅了瞅备胎n号,考虑起了纳谁为宠“呔,今生你还想跑,今日君王不早朝!
  • 妈咪招牌主食

    妈咪招牌主食

    《妈咪招牌主食》根据人们不同的饮食习惯和身体需求,精选了近百道家常主食,食物搭配具有较强的科学性,富含营养,有益身心,让你吃得美味,吃出健康。《妈咪招牌主食》内容丰富,实用性强,通俗易懂,是家庭主妇的有益参考书。