By reduction we mean an argument in which the first term clearly belongs to the middle, but the relation of the middle to the last term is uncertain though equally or more probable than the conclusion; or again an argument in which the terms intermediate between the last term and the middle are few. For in any of these cases it turns out that we approach more nearly to knowledge. For example let A stand for what can be taught, B for knowledge, C for justice. Now it is clear that knowledge can be taught: but it is uncertain whether virtue is knowledge. If now the statement BC is equally or more probable than AC, we have a reduction: for we are nearer to knowledge, since we have taken a new term, being so far without knowledge that A belongs to C. Or again suppose that the terms intermediate between B and C are few: for thus too we are nearer knowledge. For example let D stand for squaring, E for rectilinear figure, F for circle. If there were only one term intermediate between E and F (viz. that the circle is made equal to a rectilinear figure by the help of lunules), we should be near to knowledge. But when BC is not more probable than AC, and the intermediate terms are not few, I do not call this reduction: nor again when the statement BC is immediate: for such a statement is knowledge.
同类推荐
热门推荐
青少年应该知道的苏州评弹（阅读中华国粹）
苏州评弹之滥觞，大概在明代的嘉靖年间。当时，以吴歌为基调的南曲开始流行。南曲在苏州开花结果，讲究声腔的一路进入贵族阶级，演化成昆曲；讲究叙事的一路进入平民阶级，成为评弹。
该隐的后裔
本书包含了作者的两部作品《该隐的后裔》和《克拉拉的出家》，为作者带有宗教色彩的代表作。本书中作者把时间定位在已经危机重重的明治时期，把舞台搬到了相对荒蛮的日本北海道。主人公仁右卫门带着他的妻子漂流至此，为生存而挣扎产生了一系列冲突，作者通过这一“原始的王者独裁般的无粉饰的自我”的塑造，淋漓尽致地表现了这种狂暴、凶悍之力，同时，又流露出被弃绝后的绝望与迷失。《克拉拉的出家》讲述了意大利Assisi市贵族名媛克拉拉皈依基督教成为弗朗西斯科修道院的第一位修女，最后自己也成为一座修道院院长的故事。整个作品细致地描写了13世纪基督教城市的情景及宗教观，历史文化沉淀厚重，不失为一部值得咀嚼回味的伟大作品。
弗洛伊德文集11：图腾与禁忌
本卷是弗洛伊德有关人类学、社会学、文化学、宗教学、历史学和哲学等方面的代表性著作，共包含两部作品。《图腾与禁忌》1913年出版，通过蒙昧人与强迫神经症患者的比较，推断了图腾崇拜的本原意义。《摩西与一神教》1939年出版，是弗洛伊德生前完成的最后一部著作，它深入浅出地剖析了一神教的本质和起源。这些论著基本上属于弗洛伊德心理哲学的范畴。