登陆注册
5407400000105

第105章

The Cost Theories (continued). Interest as an Element of Cost In calculating the cost value of his products every undertaker, in addition to the value of the capital consumed, includes interest upon the whole capital sunk and bound up in the production, even on that which remains unconsumed, for the period during which the capital must remain sunk. It is a matter of familiar observation that the exchange value of products, in so far as it is influenced by costs, expresses also the interest thus calculated. If the production of one article costs merely labour and circulating capital, while that of another requires, in addition to the same expenditure of labour and circulating capital, a large outlay of fixed capital, the second product (neglecting, of course, the quota for amortisation) will be considered the more valuable by the interest on the whole fixed capital. The question now arises whether we have, in this circumstance also, a phenomenon of natural value; whether it is in the interest of society generally, or merely in that of the individual undertaker, that interest should be calculated among costs, and whether this principle would require to be observed in the communistic state also.

There is something that strikes one as peculiar in the idea of including interest among costs. Torrens' objection is well known. Interest, he says, is profit, and must first be earned through production as the surplus of return over costs. Thus it is impossible to reckon it among costs.

From the point of terminology Torrens' objection is certainly justified. If we wish, on the one hand, to fix the net return, we shall not impute interest to costs, but if, on the other hand, we are seeking for the cost value of products, interest must be included. In these two cases the term "costs" is used in an entirely different sense. And this is an error in so far as the double meaning remains unnoticed, and is, in any case, a misfortune, whether noticed or not. It would be better to have a second name for the second use of the term.

When we put the name on one side, and examine the actual matter of Torrens' objection, we come to a different conclusion.

Here the objection entirely breaks down. It proves too much. It is not only interest that is derived from the return and its value, but the value of capital itself. Torrens' argument expanded runs thus: -- the value of products is first; interest, capital value, the value of production goods generally, second.

Right enough up to this point we have come to the same conclusion, and argued from it that production goods have, as against products, no independent power to create value. On the other hand, we have acknowledged that they do possess the power to equalise the value of products. In virtue of this power, and of no higher one, do they influence cost value generally, and this power cannot be denied to interest, on account of its origin in the return, so far, that is to say, as the conditions in this case are similar to those which hold as regards the elements of costs hitherto considered.

同类推荐
  • 崇祯记闻录

    崇祯记闻录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 阿毗达磨大毗婆沙论

    阿毗达磨大毗婆沙论

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 霁后贻马十二巽

    霁后贻马十二巽

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 茶具图赞

    茶具图赞

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 泛永嘉江日暮回舟

    泛永嘉江日暮回舟

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 名人传记丛书:伽利略

    名人传记丛书:伽利略

    名人传记丛书——伽利略——愈被敲打,愈能发出生命的火花:“立足课本,超越课堂”,以提高中小学生的综合素质为目的,让中小学生从课内受益到课外,是一生的良师益友。
  • 古董老公

    古董老公

    【反穿越】【极品宠文】苏玲在一次重伤之下回到了现代,紫黎墨跟着她穿越回到现代。从此俩个人在现代的爆笑生活开始上演,精彩片段一:紫黎墨下楼正好看见电视上正上演经典桥段恶少调戏良家妇女,冲过去大吼一声“大胆,光天化日居然敢当着我的面调戏良家妇女,找死。接着一掌打过去,电视应声而碎,紫黎墨惊了一下,然后满脸无辜的看向苏玲,他好像闯祸了。苏玲看着刚才还好好的电视,现在成了碎片,嘴角时间抽搐,上去就是一顿暴打。精彩片段二:“墨儿今天跟我回去见我老爸老妈”“啊”“啊什么啊呀,人家丑媳妇总要见公婆的,你一个帅小伙怕啥,你就当帅小伙见老丈人就行了。”‘噗’其他人听见苏玲的话喷了。精彩片段三:夏天苏玲穿着可爱的吊带上衣,底下是短裤出现在紫黎墨面前。紫黎墨看苏玲穿成这样子脸彻底黑了,黑着脸大吼道:“你这是穿的什么?穿成这样成何体统,伤风败俗。赶紧去给我换回来。”苏玲听见紫黎墨的话嘴角那个抽搐呀,都来这么久还没把他训练成现代人,看来革命尚未成功,同志们仍需努力。【亲们墨儿又回来了,看他在现代是怎么生活的】【喜欢的收藏,推荐,留言】
  • The Social Contract

    The Social Contract

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 放下就能过得更轻松

    放下就能过得更轻松

    用清净之心看世间,世间即清净;用解脱之心看世间,心即解脱。人情变化无常,世路崎岖不平,以出世的心,面对入世的事,才能解脱自在。佛学中有不胜枚举的充满智慧的故事,这些故事读起来,或让人警醒,或给人以启迪。《放下就能过得更轻松》从觉悟、放下、欲望、改变、行善、平常心、随缘等七个方面,对佛家智慧进行了全方位的解读。常常感悟佛学中的智慧故事,不但能对佛学有所了解,更能增长智慧——人生的大智慧。《放下就能过得更轻松》由刘艺绫编著。
  • 火凤凰史沫特莱

    火凤凰史沫特莱

    生命之火在中华大地燃烧。在延安,与毛泽东、朱德、周恩来近虎离接触在太行山八路军总部、在皖南新四军军部、在抗日前线向世界发出中国的正义呼声……史沫特莱搂住朱德,在他脸颊上亲了两下……1937年1月下旬,红都延安。自从1936年中共中央进驻之后,延安这座历史古城便改变了往日那种沉寂无闻的景象。这一天,四十多岁、高挑身材的史沫特莱出现在延安街头。在美国医生马海德和女作家丁玲的陪同下,她这里瞧瞧,那里看看,显得十分兴奋。
  • 防海纪略

    防海纪略

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 美丽苍穹下

    美丽苍穹下

    早前,我们捉马村东南头,出村有条土路。土路约莫两三架牛车宽,立村口瞧,像偌大一条蛇哧溜儿曲里拐弯横卧田野。好天,土路上的尘积起半尺多厚,人走,扑哧踩下偌深个脚印。车走,屁股后腾得老高一股烟尘,云封雾罩的。车前的牛呀驴呀马呀车把式呀一钻出来,都土腥腥的样,像进窑的坯。手扶拖拉机一过,也土腥腥的样,假得像个模具。怕下雨。小雨可些,湿一层表皮。一踩带起个泥哄哄的脚印,就见了赤黄黄的干土。好多个赤黄黄的脚印像花斑,乍一看,那路越是条很肥的花斑蛇哧溜儿了。
  • 史上最强师兄

    史上最强师兄

    燕赵歌第一次穿越,穿到了武道文明繁盛至极的异世界,一头撞进包罗万象,遍收天下经典的神宫藏书楼里,但随后便是一场天地大劫,连神宫也破灭了。接下来居然第二次穿越,灵魂来到了同一个世界,不知多少年后的时代。人们发掘承载破灭之后残存的遗留,这里的武道文明重新起步,还处于新一代的发展期。装了一脑子神宫秘籍宝典的燕赵歌,二次穿越到当前的时代,简直就如同一个人玩惯了地狱模式之后,突然被丢去玩简单模式。简直不要太爽!不过在此之前,他先要解决一个问题。“我不是主角?而是跟主角争妹子的反派高富帅师兄?”“这剧本不对啊!”PS:已有460万字完本精品老书《史上第一祖师爷》,欢迎大家收藏养肥本书的同时移步阅读。
  • 寒海青鸟诀

    寒海青鸟诀

    中庆代号为“寒鹰”的青鸟营战士一直潜伏在西辽,直到他冒死获取了一条重要情报:邻国武齐将最新研发的战场神器羽天翼卖给了敌国西辽,暴露之余只能返回中庆,然而,西辽却在其体内植入“银魂蛊”进而获取中庆机密。危机之下,“寒鹰”结义兄弟宋扬和儿子韩天慕挺身而出,涉险为寒鹰解蛊,解除了中庆危机。然而,一场更大的阴谋,在等待着他们……
  • 鬼谷子

    鬼谷子

    鬼谷子是春秋战国时期道家代表人物、纵横家的鼻祖。《鬼谷子》一书是其后学者根据其言论整理而成,被完整地保留在道家的经典《道藏》中。全书内容十分丰富,涉及政治、军事、外交、商场等领域比较多,主要讲述有关游说、辩论、韬略的理论,另外,还讲述了如何修炼自身、养神蓄锐;其中修炼自身、养精蓄锐部分,是全书其他部分内容的基础。