登陆注册
5419400000219

第219章

We are not discussing the above-mentioned assertions regarding the immaterial unity of the soul and the existence of a Supreme Being as dogmata, which certain philosophers profess to demonstrate a priori, but purely as hypotheses.In the former case, the dogmatist must take care that his arguments possess the apodeictic certainty of a demonstration.For the assertion that the reality of such ideas is probable is as absurd as a proof of the probability of a proposition in geometry.Pure abstract reason, apart from all experience, can either cognize nothing at all; and hence the judgements it enounces are never mere opinions, they are either apodeictic certainties, or declarations that nothing can be known on the subject.Opinions and probable judgements on the nature of things can only be employed to explain given phenomena, or they may relate to the effect, in accordance with empirical laws, of an actually existing cause.In other words, we must restrict the sphere of opinion to the world of experience and nature.Beyond this region opinion is mere invention;unless we are groping about for the truth on a path not yet fully known, and have some hopes of stumbling upon it by chance.

But, although hypotheses are inadmissible in answers to the questions of pure speculative reason, they may be employed in the defence of these answers.That is to say, hypotheses are admissible in polemic, but not in the sphere of dogmatism.By the defence of statements of this character, I do not mean an attempt at discovering new grounds for their support, but merely the refutation of the arguments of opponents.All a priori synthetical propositions possess the peculiarity that, although the philosopher who maintains the reality of the ideas contained in the proposition is not in possession of sufficient knowledge to establish the certainty of his statements, his opponent is as little able to prove the truth of the opposite.This equality of fortune does not allow the one party to be superior to the other in the sphere of speculative cognition; and it is this sphere, accordingly, that is the proper arena of these endless speculative conflicts.But we shall afterwards show that, in relation to its practical exercise, Reason has the right of admitting what, in the field of pure speculation, she would not be justified in supposing, except upon perfectly sufficient grounds;because all such suppositions destroy the necessary completeness of speculation- a condition which the practical reason, however, does not consider to be requisite.In this sphere, therefore, Reason is mistress of a possession, her title to which she does not require to prove- which, in fact, she could not do.The burden of proof accordingly rests upon the opponent.But as he has just as little knowledge regarding the subject discussed, and is as little able to prove the non-existence of the object of an idea, as the philosopher on the other side is to demonstrate its reality, it is evident that there is an advantage on the side of the philosopher who maintains his proposition as a practically necessary supposition (melior est conditio possidentis).For he is at liberty to employ, in self-defence, the same weapons as his opponent makes use of in attacking him; that is, he has a right to use hypotheses not for the purpose of supporting the arguments in favour of his own propositions, but to show that his opponent knows no more than himself regarding the subject under 'discussion and cannot boast of any speculative advantage.

Hypotheses are, therefore, admissible in the sphere of pure reason only as weapons for self-defence, and not as supports to dogmatical assertions.But the opposing party we must always seek for in ourselves.For speculative reason is, in the sphere of transcendentalism, dialectical in its own nature.The difficulties and objections we have to fear lie in ourselves.They are like old but never superannuated claims; and we must seek them out, and settle them once and for ever, if we are to expect a permanent peace.External tranquility is hollow and unreal.The root of these contradictions, which lies in the nature of human reason, must be destroyed; and this can only be done by giving it, in the first instance, freedom to grow, nay, by nourishing it, that it may send out shoots, and thus betray its own existence.It is our duty, therefore, to try to discover new objections, to put weapons in the bands of our opponent, and to grant him the most favourable position in the arena that he can wish.We have nothing to fear from these concessions; on the contrary, we may rather hope that we shall thus make ourselves master of a possession which no one will ever venture to dispute.

同类推荐
  • 太平天国战记

    太平天国战记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 佛说咒时气病经

    佛说咒时气病经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 明珠缘

    明珠缘

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 龙川略志

    龙川略志

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 泾皋藏稿

    泾皋藏稿

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 孽海情天梦红楼

    孽海情天梦红楼

    这是一个昏庸腐败的家。几个追求爱情自由和个性解放的年青人生活在这里。这里有道貌岸然的长辈,欺上昧下,附庸风雅的文人,颐指气使的主子,草菅人命。最终,他们淹没在腐朽的世俗中,死的死、散的散,最终落了个白茫茫大地真干净。
  • 浪漫主义的根源(人文与社会译丛)

    浪漫主义的根源(人文与社会译丛)

    《浪漫主义的根源》以赛亚·伯林1965年关于浪漫主义的梅隆系列讲座的BBC录音结集而成,自浪漫主义定义问题始,中经浪漫主义之滥觞、成长和壮大的过程,至浪漫主义的巨大影响终。结构了然,思维缜密,处处闪耀着天才洞见的火花,伴以伯林特有的雄浑酣畅的即兴风格,是一曲令人魂销神醉的思想咏叹调。
  • 长安亲故

    长安亲故

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 哈罗!美利坚:一个中国家庭的美国生活琐记

    哈罗!美利坚:一个中国家庭的美国生活琐记

    本书分为衣食住行、教育医疗、工作娱乐、社会生活、五十述怀共五个部分,是一部中国人在美国的生活秀,作者用十分生活化的语言介绍了美国的方方面面,记录了旅居美国20多年的点点滴滴,在嬉笑怒骂中饱含人生哲理。本书反映的一些问题,比如华人子女在美国的教育和身份认同问题,折射出中西两种文化的碰撞与融合,具有深刻的意义。
  • 好的爱情,是两个人可以共同成长

    好的爱情,是两个人可以共同成长

    在书中作者把各式各样的爱情一一摆在你面前,同你一起看看、想想,你的认知会慢慢通透。不管你曾爱过、正在爱、将爱上什么人,你的感情都会在此对号入座,你的观念会因此提升,你的见识亦会因此增长。本书不是高高在上的劝诫说教,而是直言不讳的开导提示。
  • 悬情蜜爱之暖妻神探

    悬情蜜爱之暖妻神探

    有一天纪蜜终于意识到她急需一个男人。这个男人他得有权,帮她掩盖她那些穷凶极恶的家人所犯下的种种罪行。这个男人还得有钱,帮她打发那些贪得无厌的亲戚干出的无耻变相勒索。有钱有势的男人很多,但能只手遮天的男人没有几个,当纪蜜自认没这个运势的时候,老天还是塞给了她一个男人。不,是男神,有颜值却偏要靠卖学识生存的男人。什么叫一字千金,推理小说界男神作家敲打键盘一个按格就值百万,偶尔还被聘请做几天推理顾问,高智商高情商完爆一切极品渣渣。纪蜜乐开花,这职业好,匹配的就是警花和神探。跟仰慕已久的偶像恋爱是一种什么体验,纪蜜说那叫一个爽。【悬疑+推理+复仇】,当然最重要还是言情,写一个爱你爱得深沉,宠你宠到有恃无恐的情爱故事。女主:我有仇,得报。男主:我心中有个秘密(蜜蜜),惦记了很久。
  • 老狐狸说话心经(大全集)

    老狐狸说话心经(大全集)

    子日:“巧言令色,鲜矣仁!”老狐狸却说:“巧言令色,助你成功。”须知,成功者的故事里,从来都没有侥幸。狮子把羊叫来,问他能不能闻到自己嘴里发出的臭味。羊说:“能闻到”,狮子咬掉了这个傻瓜蛋的头。接着,他又把狼召来,用同样的问题问狼。狼说:“闻不到。”狮子把这个阿谀奉承的家伙咬得鲜血淋漓。最后,狐狸被召来了,狮子也用同样的问题问他,狐狸看看周围的情形,说: “大王,我患了感冒,闻不到什么味。”于是活了下来。马雅可夫斯基曾说: “语言是人的力量的统帅。"一个人想获得成功,必须具有能够应付一切的口才。
  • 龙陵秘藏

    龙陵秘藏

    考古天才顾朝朝,妖孽教授池暮,两人意外之中发现了传说之地的秘密,然而却得知这只是开始。云南山谷祝融火宫,侠山之下洞天福地,沙漠腹地西海龙池还有那南海传说的神岛,怪兽、怪鸟,神秘文字,最终都指向一个巨大的秘密……
  • 欲望如歌

    欲望如歌

    《欲望如歌》和《欲望都市》好似姊妹篇,而且王松还正写着一部关于欲望的故事。王松不愿称其为“欲望三部曲”,他说应该是关于欲望主题的几种思考。当下社会,欲望是个比较大的主题,它把今天的社会统治起来,人们被种种‘欲望’驱使着,已然不是‘期望’、‘渴望’、‘盼望’所能涵盖的。普通大众生活在欲望潮流中,作家不可以,这项职业本身就决定了你不能充当弄潮儿,这种社会存在的问题是需要站在‘岸边’的作家去思考的。
  • 《易经》64个人生智慧

    《易经》64个人生智慧

    本书的主旨,叫“《易经》给人的64个生活智慧”,这表明,《易经》没有那么神秘,它是科学的,它就在我们的身边,我们每天的生活起居,工作事业,健康幸福,都受这64个哲理的左右。我们以什么科学的态度对待这64个哲理,就形成了64个感悟,64个感悟回答了人生的64个怎么办。 本书所写的指引人生的64个感悟既环环相扣又相互渗透,涉及每个年龄阶段的人生疑难问题,旁征博引地把《易经》的精髓真实而又生动地与现实生活密切联系起来。