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玉碎,出典于《北齐书》,原文为“大丈夫宁为玉碎,不为瓦全”,我国有谚语“玉碎昆冈”,同样将“玉碎”作为不屈不挠的象征。但这个词在太平洋战争开始后,被日军曲解借用,用来美化整个日军部队不肯投降,被盟军全歼的作战。日本官方承认的“玉碎战”一共有15次。通常是日军上层在明知战局已无可挽回的情况下,仍然依据东条英机的所谓《战阵训》和“武士道”思想,在可能通过投降或撤退的方式挽救其生命时,绑架下级官兵顽抗到底,直到全部被歼。日军常常会在作战前和作战中,以命令的形式要求所属部队“玉碎”,甚至日军军法中直接禁止指挥官在战败的情况下率部放下武器,否则按“亵职罪”论处。Passing On
Booker-Prize winning author Penelope Lively is that rare writer who goes from strength to strength in book after perfectly assured book. In Passing On, she applies her distinctive insight and consummate artistry to the subtle story of a domineering and manipulative mother's legacy to her children. With their mother's death, Helen and Edward, both middle-aged and both unmarried, are left to face the ramifications of their mother's hold on their lives for all of these years. Helen and Edward slowly learn to accept what has been lost in their own lives and embrace what can yet be retrieved. "The richest and most rewarding of her novels." - The Washington Post Book World