登陆注册
4699300000054

第54章

2. The questions of present philosophy, the opposites, the content which occupies the attention of these modern times, are as follows: -a. The first form of the opposition which we have already touched upon in the Middle Ages is the Idea of God and His Being, and the task imposed is to deduce the existence of God, as pure spirit, from thought. Both sides must be comprehended through thought as absolute unity; the extremest opposition is apprehended as gathered into one unity. Other subjects which engage our attention are connected with the same general aim, namely, the bringing about of the inward reconciliation in the opposition which exists between knowledge and its object.

b. The second form of opposition is that of Good and Evil - the opposition of the assertion of independent will to the positive and universal; the origin of evil must be known. Evil is plainly the "other," the negation of God as Holiness; because He is, because He is wise, good, and at the same time almighty, evil is contradictory to Him; an endeavour is made to reconcile this contradiction.

c. The third form of opposition is that of the freedom of man and necessity.

i. The individual is clearly not determined in any other way than from himself, he is the absolute beginning of determination; in the 'I,' in the self, a power of decision is clearly to be found. This freedom is in opposition to the theory that God alone is really absolutely determining. Further, when that which happens is in futurity, the determining of it through God is regarded as Providence and the foreknowledge of God. In this, however, a new contradiction is involved, inasmuch as because God's knowledge is not merely subjective, that which God knows likewise is.

ii. Further still, human freedom is in opposition to necessity as the determinateness of nature; man is dependent on nature, and the external as well as the inward nature of man is his necessity as against his freedom.

iii. Considered objectively, this opposition is that between final causes and efficient causes, i.e., between the acts of freedom and the acts of necessity.

iv. This opposition between the freedom of man and natural necessity has finally likewise the further form of community of soul and body, of commercium animi cum corpore, as it has been called, wherein the soul appears as the simple, ideal, and free, and the body as the manifold, material and necessary.

These matters occupy the attention of science, and they are of a completely different nature from the interests of ancient philosophy. The difference is this, that here there is a consciousness of an opposition, which is certainly likewise contained in the subjects with which the learning of the ancients was occupied, but which had not come to consciousness. This consciousness of the opposition, this 'Fall,' is the main point of interest in the conception of the Christian religion. The bringing about in thought of the reconciliation which is accepted in belief, now constitutes the whole interest of knowledge. Implicitly it has come to pass; for knowledge considers itself qualified to bring about in itself this recognition of the reconciliation. The philosophic systems are therefore no more than modes of this absolute unity, and only the concrete unity of those opposites is the truth.

3. As regards the stages which were reached in the progress of this knowledge we have to mention three of the principal.

a. First of all we find the union of those opposites stated; and to prove it genuine attempts are made, though not yet determined in purity.

b. The second stage is the metaphysical union; and here, with Descartes, the philosophy of modern times as abstract thought properly speaking begins.

i. Thinking understanding seeks to bring to pass the union, inasmuch as it investigates with its pure thought-determinations; this is in the first place the standpoint of metaphysics as such.

ii. In the second place, we have to consider negation, the destruction of this metaphysics -the attempt to consider knowledge on its own account, and the determinations which proceed from it.

c. The third stage is that this union itself which is to be brought about, and which is the only subject of interest, comes to consciousness and becomes an object. As principle the union has the form of the relationship of knowledge to the content, and thus this question has been put: 'How is, and how can thought be identical with the objective?' With this the inward element which lies at the basis of this metaphysic is raised into explicitude and made an object; and this includes all modern philosophy in its range.

同类推荐
  • 上清太玄九阳图

    上清太玄九阳图

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 佛说除恐灾患经

    佛说除恐灾患经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI

    LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 画禅室随笔

    画禅室随笔

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 苗宫夜合花

    苗宫夜合花

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 教育新视野:中外中小学名校风采

    教育新视野:中外中小学名校风采

    虽然中国的教育经费每年都在增加,但是由于受教育的人口多,人均教育经费并不多,在长期内难以满足需求。而与此同时,社会对优质教育资源的需求却越来越迫切,最明显的表现莫过于众所皆知的“择校”现象。有关调查表明,尽管政府对义务教育阶段的择校基本持否定态度,对非义务教育阶段的择校也采取了限制人数、钱数和分数的政策,但由于没有相关具体配套的政策法规来调节、规范择校行为,择校现象自20世纪90年代初期至今越来越盛行。家长热衷于择校,而名校也乐于招收择校生,以至有的学校招收的择校生人数甚至达到学生总数的1/3以上。鉴于此,我们把中外中小学名校加以整理,以为家长和社会提供一个全面的参考。
  • 落花人独立:金庸的情侠江湖

    落花人独立:金庸的情侠江湖

    本书是一本评金庸武侠小说人物的主题系列散文集,作者用她那闪耀着刀锋般光芒的语言,写那么虚无又真实的女子和男子。写女子,则写她们坠入爱情瞬间的绝美样子,写她们在爱情面前的温柔和坚定,以及一切玲珑剔透的小心思。写男子,那些让人喜欢的男子,则用更喜欢的笔调写他们;不喜欢的,也不故意曲笔,而是庖丁解牛一般,画出他们的原本,把厌弃或者包容的权利,交给读者。
  • 死亡之最终试炼

    死亡之最终试炼

    这是一个选拔神将的试炼场,然而所有试炼者都称之为死亡试炼场。在这里,失败意味着死亡。而成功,遥不可及。穿梭在一个个未知的世界,用生命去完成一个个试炼任务,直到死亡或是通过最终试炼。
  • 可乐的万能印钞机(百万理财教育成长必备)

    可乐的万能印钞机(百万理财教育成长必备)

    大山和可乐两个孩子有心参与社会公益,节省自己饭钱来帮助其他弱势孩子。虽然孩子们一开始用错方法,没有量力而为,但成长就是个需要父母和师长引导的过程。为了达成目标,故事中的大山和可乐说了个善意的谎言,父母也可以借着这个故事和孩子分享“诚实”的价值观,并且将它和“金钱”价值观连接,替孩子未来的金钱人生健康打下基础。
  • 排毒养颜美容一本通(新世纪新生活百科全书)

    排毒养颜美容一本通(新世纪新生活百科全书)

    健康、美容、防癌、长寿,都是人们广泛关注的问题。药物可“治病”,也可“致病”。关于食物“治病”、“致病”的同类事例还有许多。可见,好的食物用在适宜的时候,对人的健康能起到意想不到的作用,而再好的东西用在不恰当的人身上或用得不是时候,也可能就是毒药!本书从饮食、起居、运动、心理等方面讲述日常生活中的排毒养颜宜忌,并将传统中医和现代医学的有关知识进行融会贯通,向读者提供了多种有效、简便安全的自然排毒养生、养颜方法,这些实用易做的排毒法,一定能够使您拥有健康的体魄和魅力的人生。
  • 南翁梦录

    南翁梦录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 必知的科技大家

    必知的科技大家

    科学是人类进步的第一推动力,而科学知识的普及则是实现这一推动的必由之路。在新的时代,社会的进步、科技的发展、人们生活水平的不断提高,为我们青少年的科普教育提供了新的契机。抓住这个契机,大力普及科学知识,传播科学精神,提高青少年的科学素质,是我们全社会的重要课题。
  • 曾国藩家书

    曾国藩家书

    本书在体例上将曾国藩家书分为修身、劝学、治家、理财、交友、为政、用人、养生、军事诸篇。选编时对多个版本进行比较,精选其中有代表性的和对当代人极具参考价值的篇章。按时间排序,酌定标题,进行注释和点评。在內容上每篇各有不同,也各有侧重,如下所述:修身篇所选的家书旨在反映曾国藩在保身、进德修业、息心忍耐、有恒心、谨慎、自立自强等方面的內在修为。劝学篇所选的家书包括教弟写字养神、劝弟学业宜精、阐述求学之法、教弟注重看书、读书要有恒心等內容,反映了曾国藩“读书、立志、有恒”的治学思想。
  • 春雨杏花会烽烟

    春雨杏花会烽烟

    妙美仙子化为白兔以传不世医书,未曾想邂逅一段佳缘,至此伉俪情深,救助万民,弘扬正气,流芳百世!
  • 三国吕布重生之现代称霸

    三国吕布重生之现代称霸

    三国吕布因被曹操赐死,但却怨恨刘备忘恩负义不替他求情,由于吕布的大业未成,想施展自己的抱负。后因时空错乱,被穿越到现代一名男子也叫呂布身上,我们且看吕布如何在现代中称霸?