登陆注册
4699400000156

第156章

THEOLOGICAL STUDIES. RELIGIOUS LIFE.

See bibliography, chap. vi. (g). Aubry, /La Methode des etudes ecclesiastiques dans nos seminaires depuis le concile de Trente/, 1900. Picot, /Essai historique sur l'influence de la religion en France/, 1824. Joly, /Les moralistes francais du XVIIe, XVIIIe, et XIXe siecles/, 1900. Andres, /Dell'origine, progressi, e stato attuale di ogni letteratura/, 1843. Backer-Sommervogel, /Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la compagnie de Jesus/, 1890-98.

Feret, /La faculte de theologie de Paris. Epoque moderne/ (vii.), 1910. Quetif-Echard, /Scriptores Ord. Praedicatorum/.

The great theological revival that began with the Council of Trent, and that made itself felt in the Latin countries, died away gradually, to be followed in the eighteenth century by a period of decline.

Scholars like Bellarmine, De Lugo, and Suarez had passed away without leaving anybody behind them worthy to take their places. Except in the field of ecclesiastical history and of historical theology the whole tendency was downwards.

The principal causes that paved the way for this universal decline were the spread of Gallicanism and Jansenism with the consequent waste of energy to which these controversies led, the state of lethargy produced by the enslavement of the Church, the withdrawal of ecclesiastical students, the suppression of the Society of Jesus, and the rejection of the Scholastic system of philosophy in favour of the vagaries of Descartes or of the Leibniz-Wolf school in Germany.

The rise of the Rationalist school in France, threatening as it did the very foundations of Christianity, called for the activity of a new group of apologists, who would do for Christianity in the eighteenth century what had been done for it against the pagan philosophers of old by men like Justin Martyr and Lactantius. Unfortunately, however, though many able works were produced at the time, few if any of them could lay claim to the literary charms or vigour of expression that characterised the works of the enemies of religion. The principal apologists in France at this period were /Huet/ (d. 1721), /Sommier/(d. 1737), the Oratorian /Houteville/ (d. 1742), /Baltius, S.J./ (d.

1743), /Bullet/, professor in the University of Besancon (d. 1775), /Bergier/, one of the most distinguished of Bullet's pupils (d. 1790), /Guenee/ (d. 1803), the able opponent of Voltaire, and /Feller, S.J./(d. 1802), whose /Catechisme philosophique/ and /Dictionnaire Historique/ enjoyed a widespread popularity long after the writer had passed away.

In dogmatic theology the leading representatives of the Thomistic school were without doubt /Vincent Louis Gotti/ (1664-1742) and /Charles Rene Billuart/ (1685-1757). The former of these was born at Bologna, entered the Dominican novitiate at an early age, was the author of several polemical works directed against the Lutherans and Calvinists, and was created cardinal (1728). On account of his ability, prudence, and sanctity of life he exercised a wonderful influence both within and without his order in France, so much so that in the conclave of 1740 his election to the papacy was favoured by a large body of his colleagues. Cardinal Gotti's greatest work was his commentary on St. Thomas, entitled /Theologia Scholastico-Dogmatica iuxta mentem D. Thomae/ (1727-1735). /Billuart/ was born at Ardennes in Belgium, and on the completion of his classical studies he became a novice in the Dominican convent at Lille. For the years during which he held several positions in Dominican houses in Belgium his abilities as a writer, professor, and preacher, attracted so much attention that on the petition of Billuart's colleagues at Douay, the general of the order decided to entrust him with the work of preparing an exhaustive and authoritative commentary on the /Summa/ of Saint Thomas. After five years hard work the edition was completed and was published at Liege in nineteen volumes[1] (1746-51). A compendium was issued in 1754.

The best known and ablest exponent of the theological system of Duns Scotus was /Claude Frassen/ (1621-1711). He was born at Peronne, joined the Franciscans, and was sent to Paris, where he taught theology for years. His great work is his /Scotus Academicus/, a commentary or explanation of the theological system of Duns Scotus.

Both on account of its faithful exposition of the views of Scotus and of the excellent method and style in which it is composed this work enjoyed and enjoys a considerable reputation.[2] Of the theologians of the Augustinian school the two best known were /Lorenzo Berti/ (1696-1766) whose /De Theologies Disciplinis/ (1739-45) led to an imputation of Jansenism, from which the author was cleared by the verdict of Benedict XIV., and /Cardinal Norris/ (1631-1704) for a long time professor of ecclesiastical history at the University of Padua, against whose books, /Historia Pelagiana/ and /Vindiciae Augustanae/, a prohibition was levelled by the Spanish Inquisition, but reversed on appeal to Benedict XIV.

The endless controversies to which Jansenism gave rise had lowered the reputation of the Sorbonne. The greatest representative of this centre of theological learning at this period was /Honore Tournely/, the steadfast opponent of Jansenism, whose /Praelectiones Theologicae/(1738-40) was regarded as one of the most important works of the time.

In the defence of the Holy See against the attacks of Febronius the greatest writers were /Zaccaria/ (1714-95) who wrote voluminously on theology, ecclesiastical history and canon law; /Alfonso Muzzarelli/(1749-1813), the Dominican, /Cardinal Orsi/ (1693-1761), and /Cardinal Gerdil/ (1718-1802), whose election to the papacy on the death of Pius VI. was vetoed by the Emperor. The /Theologia Wirceburgenis/ published by the Jesuits of Wurzburg (1766-71) contained a complete and masterly summary of the entire theological course.

同类推荐
  • Sir Nigel

    Sir Nigel

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 过鲍溶宅有感

    过鲍溶宅有感

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 全生指迷方

    全生指迷方

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 刑幕要略

    刑幕要略

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 离骚

    离骚

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 神佛纪实录

    神佛纪实录

    见天地,见内心,战神佛,斩妖魔,一切从心而生,由缘而起,你我相遇,即是命中注定。
  • 日月星辉都似你

    日月星辉都似你

    她以为自己可以像小说里的女主一样犯蠢地吸引男主的注意,但事实证明完全是她想太多,第二天他已完全不记得那事,更没记住她这人,应该说当时他就觉得她是路人甲乙丙丁中的一个……三年多后他终于开始注意她,然而对她的评价是“蠢”、“有心理疾病”、“精神病人”、“恐怖”……她暗恋他多年而他从忽视她的存在到开始注意并嫌弃她,再到两人相互接触了解,从高一到高三,和身边的亲人朋友们一起经历很多事一起成长。高一时,她和他逐渐走近;高二时,她和他幼时造的“孽们”都来讨债;高三时,她和他,如天上的日和月,明明相爱却无法靠在一起。--情节虚构,请勿模仿
  • 湛蓝史诗

    湛蓝史诗

    他是一个渴望冒险的客栈老板,原本以为会平平淡淡度过一生,直到遇见了一个传颂历史的吟游诗人,一本记载英雄的湛蓝史诗,究竟会给他平静生活,带来多少波澜。这是一个属于英雄的时代。
  • 圆悟佛果禅师语录

    圆悟佛果禅师语录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • The Author of Beltraffio

    The Author of Beltraffio

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 如何说顾客才会听,如何做顾客才会买

    如何说顾客才会听,如何做顾客才会买

    “成功的推销员一定是一个伟大的心理学家!”学好管理学、经济学,不如掌握心理学。销售人员最大的优势是心理素质好、情商高,销售工作非同凡响的关键就是在掌握客户心理的基础上展开攻势,逐一化解销售难题,赢得大单!同时,销售更是一项伟大的事业,也是一门科学、一门艺术,更是一场心理战。销售人员在业内的地位如何,能够取得怎样的业绩,在很大程度上取决于他与人打交道的能力——与客户沟通、交际、博弈。销售不仅仅只是销售人员与客户之间进行商品与金钱等价交换那么简单,它更需要对心理学的掌握与利用。这种做人做事的终极法则就是:洞悉他人的心理,然后对症下药,使对方不得不按照你的意愿行事。
  • 带着异能去种田

    带着异能去种田

    “怎么又是你们这对夫妻,一而再再二三的坏我好事,啊…”千年血魔,看着每每在他快要得逞的时候,就出来坏他大业的夫妻,最终被活活逼疯了。“唉,夫君你看啊,就这点承受能力还想一统天下,这血魔未免也太不禁打击了吧?”“咳咳…”某男望了自家那腹黑的娘子,她还真好意思说,那是一点打击吗?那可是…精彩片段二:“枫儿,你是我们林家的骄傲,我们林家以有你这样的子嗣为荣,快让你娘子把那些仙丹拿出来救一救你婶婶吧,她快不行了,只有你娘子手中的仙丹才能救她一名!”京城第一世家林家的家主向一名戴着半面银制面具身穿白衣的男子低声下气请求道。“林家的家主果然是贵人多忘事啊,难道忘记了当初因为测试我夫君灵力为零,未免丢林家的脸,您和夫人可是派人亲自将他活活致死,却还要假装夭折的事难道都忘记了吗?现在您知道失去爱人之痛了,那么当时夫君的父母一心一意的辅佐你,最后却只能眼睁睁的看着他们刚出生的孩子被你害死,难道他们的心就不痛了吗?所以你以夫君为荣,夫君和我却以你林家为耻,今日我便要亲眼看着你最爱的人死在你的面前,以慰含恨九泉的夫君的父母!”一袭红衣的女子紧紧的挽着一袭白衣的男子,她可以感受到他的夫君此时心中有多恨面前这对曾经害死他与他父母的林家家主与家主夫人,她要为他的夫君报仇。没错大家猜对了,本文就是一个现代女神医穿越古代,与老公一起修仙种田,打怪升级,复仇,扬名千里的故事,喜欢的请收藏,不喜欢的请按关闭按钮,亲们请见谅,千言需鼓励,所以如遇不好留言,一概删无赦。
  • 我们微笑着说

    我们微笑着说

    『你在第一眼爱上一个人,恰好那个人也爱上你。这样的人,真的只要一个就够了』如果不是注定要分离,她怎会明白,有些梦的代价,需要经过怎样漫长的路。他们说,初恋的美是因为赋予了对方你心目中最完美的理想,可时过境迁,她总是不停地想起他,短暂地遗忘他,然后发现,他就是心目中最完美的理想,是她年复一日的梦想。于是,她把这段冗长而仓惶的时光载体记入其中,希望它成为无人提及的独家记忆,有一天,那些痛过的、心酸过的,都可以微笑着说出来。
  • 锦玉缘

    锦玉缘

    一个失去母爱自强不息的女孩,在即将投入社会的大门时,老天给她开了个玩笑丢到历史没有的朝代,来了这个地方,有个娘亲,还有个顶呱呱的爹爹,本来就值得高兴,可是天意弄人,娘亲离开了,她还要继续生活,怎么看也得为自己打算,被逼独自一人寻找亲爹,路上遇到了爱慕她的人可是她却不以为然,一心走自己的路......
  • 仙狱问道

    仙狱问道

    拘一拢天地为狱,分仙凡两界,铺登仙梯为路,扶人族修养生息,试问谁能打破万源界碑的束缚,开启人族的征途问道天地,请阅《仙狱问道》!