登陆注册
4699400000092

第92章

When the Society of Jesus was founded, Protestantism had already made great strides in Northern Europe, and though the Latin countries were not then affected no man could foresee what change a decade of years might bring. St. Ignatius adopted the best precautions against the spread of heresy. While he himself remained in Rome engaged in organising the members of his society and in establishing colleges and charitable institutions, he sent his followers to all parts of Italy.

Bishops availed themselves freely of their services as preachers and teachers. Colleges were opened in Venice, Naples, Bologna, Florence, and in many other leading cities. St. Charles Borromeo became the patron and defender of the society in Milan. Everywhere the labours of the Jesuits led to a great religious revival, while by means of their colleges they strengthened the faith of the rising generation. In Spain, too, the home of St. Ignatius the Jesuits received a friendly welcome. Their colleges were crowded with students, as were their churches with the faithful. Difficulties, indeed, arose owing to the tendency of some of the Spanish Jesuits to have none but Spanish superiors, but with a little prudence these difficulties were overcome in 1593. Most of the best known writers on ecclesiastical subjects, Vasquez, Suarez, De Lugo, and Ripalda on Dogmatic Theology, Sanchez on Moral Theology, and Maldonatus and Pereira on Scripture belonged to the Spanish province.

In France the society met with serious difficulties at first. Hatred of Spain and of everything that savoured of Spanish origin, dislike of what was considered the excessive loyalty of the society to the Pope, and jealousy on the part of the University of Paris were the principal obstacles that were to be overcome. But notwithstanding these the Jesuits found a home in Paris, where they opened the College de Clermont (Louis-le-Grand), and they founded similar colleges in several of the leading cities of France. In the struggle against the Calvinists they were of great assistance to the Catholic body. The progress of their numerous colleges and the influence which they acquired over the young men roused the fierce opposition of the University, but being befriended by the court, where they were retained as royal confessors, the Jesuits were enabled to hold their ground. During the wars of the League against Henry III. and Henry of Navarre, though their position was one of extreme delicacy, the prudent action of their general, Aquaviva, in recommending his subjects to respect the consciences of both parties saved the situation. They were, however, expelled from Paris in 1594, but Henry IV. allowed them to return in 1603.

In the German States, Hungary, and Poland, where the fate of Catholicity seemed trembling in the balance, the Jesuit Fathers stayed what threatened to be a triumphal progress for Protestantism. St.

Ignatius soon despatched some of his disciples to the scene of conflict under the leadership of the Blessed Peter Canisius.[18] By his sermons, his lectures as professor, his prudent suggestions to those in authority, as well as by his controversial writings, and more particularly his celebrated Catechism, Canisius did more to stay the advance of Protestantism in Germany than any single individual of his age. Colleges were founded in Vienna, Ingoldstadt, Treves, Mainz, and in most of the cities of Germany that were not subject to the Protestant princes. From these colleges went forth young men who were determined to resist the further encroachments of heresy. Maximilian of Bavaria and the Emperor Ferdinand II., both of whom took such a prominent part in the Catholic Counter-Reformation, were pupils of the Jesuits, and were but types of the men who left their colleges. In Hungary, too, and in Poland the tide was turned in favour of the Catholic Church mainly by the exertions of the Jesuits. In Ireland, England and Scotland, in the Netherlands, and Sweden, in a word wherever Catholic interests were endangered, the Jesuits risked their lives in defence of the Catholic religion. It is on account of the defeats that they inflicted on heresy at this period that the hatred of the Jesuits is so deep-rooted and so universal amongst Protestants even to the present day.

The Ursulines, so called from their patron St. Ursula, began as a religious association of pious ladies formed by Angela de' Merici[19]

(Angela of Brescia) in 1537. At first the aim of the association was to reclaim fallen women, to visit the sick, and to educate the young.

The members lived in their own homes according to a scheme of life drawn up for their guidance, meeting only for certain spiritual exercises. In 1535 the foundress succeeded in bringing a few of them together into a small community. After her death in 1540 the community increased in numbers, and was approved by Paul III., who allowed the Ursulines to change their rules according to circumstances. For a long time the Ursulines did not spread outside Brescia, but as their work became known, particularly their work as educationalists, they were invited to other parts of Italy. In Milan they had a warm friend in the person of its Cardinal Archbishop, St. Charles Borromeo. The first community of the Ursulines was formed in France by Madame de Beuve. Arule was drawn up by Father Gonterey, S.J., and others of his society, and approved by Paul V. (1612). In a comparatively short time the Ursulines spread over most of the Catholic countries of Europe, so that nearly all the most modern and best equipped schools for Catholic girls were in their hands. In 1639 they went to Canada where they opened the convent known as the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec, and in 1727 they settled in New Orleans.

同类推荐
  • THE RETURN OF SHERLOCK HOLMES

    THE RETURN OF SHERLOCK HOLMES

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 西使记

    西使记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 霓裳续谱

    霓裳续谱

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 上方天尊说真元通仙道经

    上方天尊说真元通仙道经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • Jeff Briggs's Love Story

    Jeff Briggs's Love Story

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 女配重生:男主请离我远一点

    女配重生:男主请离我远一点

    池非鱼刷书的时候,发现一部古言小说的女配跟自己同名,就顺手点开了这本书的最新章节,哪知道这最新章节里女配刚好被男主虐死……她来不及心疼这个同名女配就被吸进了书里,可是她连书的梗概都没有看过啊!不管怎么样,既然不能让男主爱上自己,那就抱紧女主大大的大腿,让男主无法对她下毒手!啊,可是最后禽兽男主还是对她下手了怎么办?急,在线等!
  • 续古今译经图纪

    续古今译经图纪

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 特蕾莎修女传

    特蕾莎修女传

    特蕾莎修女,一位穷其一生为贫穷的人当中最贫穷的,孤苦的人当中最可怜的人奔波服务的伟大女性。特蕾莎修女是1979年诺贝尔和平奖获得者,也是20世纪80年代美国青少年最崇拜的4位人物之一。本书以丰富细腻的文笔,讲述了她传奇而伟大的一生。本书是特蕾莎修女的第一部中文传记,作者以其细腻的笔调及充沛的激情,不仅真实还原了特蕾莎修女善与爱的一生,而且为读者带来了许许多多亲切温暖的心灵感动。
  • 狂妻驯夫

    狂妻驯夫

    文静,本是现代豪门文氏长女,商界女王,死后却意外穿越异世,重生在大衍皇宫。一个意外,让她不得不女扮男装成为二皇子段天宇。看似慈祥可亲的外公,实则却是心狠手辣野心勃勃,到处心积虑想要除掉对手登上帝位。☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.沐云,天生眼盲的阵法家,清俊如莲,淡雅如仙——“宇儿,你既死了,我就让他们所有人都给你陪葬,好不好?仇海,老实本份的贴身侍卫,却有着恰恰相反的腹黑本质——“你是仇海的主子,仇海当然要跟着你。”景毓,妖魅的妓院老板,玩弄与反玩弄间的“孽缘”——“到底要怎么样,你才肯爱上我?”叶钧,家财万贯的商人,性情忧郁却终做了亲妹的“情敌”——“原来,这一切都是你算计好的。”梁文广,性格叛逆的舅舅,生性厌恶官场,却独为那一人而变——“宇儿,你若是做了皇帝,我便入朝为官,助你治理这天下!”赤焰,江湖第一杀手,冷心冷情的傲骨——“静儿,这天下之大,你去哪儿我便去哪儿,你要谁死我便杀谁。”文龙,两世的守护,生死相随的赤诚——“静儿,我终于又见到你了。”楚狂,天生的邪魅张狂,神秘莫测的身份——“文静,这辈子你休想离开我!”段天瑞,无权无势的大皇子,文静此生的死对头——“宇儿,我们是注定要纠缠一生的。”佛语:情不问因果,缘注定生死。且看前世的商界女王,如何立身于暗涛汹涌的大衍皇朝,步步惊心!PS:基于前段时间的试验,笑决定以后日更五千字(因为在上学,多了实在写不出来,笑也不想每天晚上十二点再更新,这样的话更新时间会提前很多)强力推荐笑的完结文:《调教魔尊》:☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.再啰嗦一句,喜欢本文的亲们别忘了收藏+留言+票票哈,闪走。☆.☆.☆.☆.☆推荐区☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.☆.好友颜稣洛的《王的野蛮夫人》:好友恋猫的鱼《女王的宠男》好友落随心《盲妃待嫁》夫人紫夜霜影《逃妃八夫》好友未日杳的《赫连云凉》好友雪曼曼《黑道奶爸》
  • 跟小王子去旅行

    跟小王子去旅行

    每个人心中都有一个小王子;每个人心中都向往一场旅行。小王子驾着飞船重新回到了地球,带着他的灵魂、理想和爱,与作者开始一场奇妙的旋风环球之旅。这不只是一本妙趣横生、引人入胜的游记,更是一次心灵行走的记录。地理与幸福,本来是风马牛不相及的元素,却因为小王子的出现,像一道金色的阳光,穿过层层迷雾,直达真理的彼岸。本书选取了所到过的世间最美的地方,有新奇的旅行体验,有无限的冥想遐思。假使合上这本书,你有打起背包去行走的冲动,就带上生命中的小王子,展开一次奇妙独特,又只属于你的旅行吧!
  • 白狐情史

    白狐情史

    我,一只懵懂的小白狐,玩弄宫廷朝野,权臣名士,终在女娲的翻手云雨中,从商朝末年穿越到夏朝晚期的风云争斗中。重返故地,旧情难续。从此,我带上了一个娇艳的面具,生杀予夺。
  • 爱妃爱使坏:懒皇帝,你惨了

    爱妃爱使坏:懒皇帝,你惨了

    懒皇帝,知道你懒你小气你奸诈,可你不能欺压到我的头上来呀。我要反击!古乐儿仰天大叫。从此,皇宫鸡飞狗跳,再无宁日。他堂堂一个帝王,天下独尊,却老是在她的手中吃瘪,他不甘心,很不甘心!可为什么吃尽了她的苦头,他的心却在一天天沉溺……
  • 医统江山

    医统江山

    前世过劳而死的医生转世大康第一奸臣之家,附身在聋哑十六年的白痴少年身上,究竟是他的幸运还是不幸,上辈子太累,这辈子只想娇妻美眷,儿孙绕膝,舒舒服服地做一个蒙混度日的富二代,却不曾想家道中落,九品芝麻官如何凭借医术权术,玩弄江湖庙堂,且看我医手遮天,一统山河!章鱼威信公众号Stonesquid欢迎加入
  • 王爷,请休了我!

    王爷,请休了我!

    被洪七公的徒孙洪九公,用‘周杰伦式’的穿越法,误把正在打抱不平的她,当成男子虏到了明代,还和她约法三章,只有她办成了他交代的事情,才把她送回去…当真是一个人倒霉,喝水都会塞牙,想她一个还在读书的黄毛丫头,却为了生计,不得不冒充王妃,王爷的老婆…好歹,工作也稳定了,事业也起步了,住的穿的吃的也不愁了…王爷,你就休了我吧,好让偶自由的在天空飞翔,在明代闯一番天下…斯人的文:《梦在阿诺》-----羞涩之作《金蛇醉心》-----感动之作《醉心异世界》-------用心之作请各位路过的大大,留下您珍贵的笔墨,投下你神圣的一票,用心的收藏在您的书架,以便你方便的阅读,谢谢!本故事纯属虚构,如有雷同,实属巧合!本故事纯属虚构,如有不足,敬请谅解!=======================================斯人建了一个群,喜欢《王爷,请休了》的朋友们可以加群:75529476验证码是斯人任何一篇文里的任何角色的名字!========================================推荐:好友淡淡的岚穿越之为什么总是我:推荐冥月死神的仙颜魅世:夏日情怀的文红色精灵之霉女美女:夜夜心的异世之旅(女尊):万俟艾的小受你别跑!:
  • 腹黑萌宝:齐少的心尖宠

    腹黑萌宝:齐少的心尖宠

    多年前的一场误会,她离开,归来时已经是两个腹黑宝宝的妈咪,而他又再次闯入她的生命里。她在医院被人欺负,他直接甩一大把钱给医院,让那些人每天都守在她的办公室门口给她道歉。她说她被人用手指指着骂了,他叫人把人家的手指掰断,治好,再掰断。她说她带着两个孩子被人指指点点,他立即让已经下班的民政局的人回来给他们办理小红本。她说她累了,他一把把她甩到床上去,邪笑看着她:“那我们就就寝吧,顺便帮你补补身子。”然而有些事情终究存在着,比如她的恨,她的怨,还有他抱着另外一个女人出现在她面前。情节虚构,请勿模仿