Such is the spirit of the institution and such is its form. After 1814and 1815， after the fall of the Empire and the Restoration， the institution subsists and remains as it was before in form and in spirit： it is always the government which appoints and directs all the representatives of local society， in the department， in the commune， and in the intermediate circumscriptions， the prefect， sub-prefects， mayors and assistants， the councilors of the department， of the arrondissement and of the commune. Whatever the ruling power may be it is repugnant to any change； never does it voluntarily restrict itself in its faculty of bestowing or withholding offices， authority， consideration， influence， or salaries， every desirable and every desired good thing； as far as it can， it retains these in its own hands to distribute them as it pleases， and in its own interest to bestow them on its partisans and to deprive its adversaries of them， to attract clients and create minions. The four thousand offices of prefect， sub-prefect， and councilors of the prefecture， department， and arrondissement， the four hundred thousand offices of mayor， assistants， and municipal councilors， and added to these， the innumerable salaried employments of auxiliary or secondary agents， from the secretary-general of the prefecture down to the secretary of the mayor， from the scribes and clerks of the prefecture and sub-prefecture down to the staff of the municipal police and of the octroi in the towns， from the city or department architect down to the lowest road-surveyor， from the watchmen and superintendents of a canal or harbor down to the field-guards and stone-breakers or the highway， directly or indirectly， the constitutional government disposes of them in the same fashion as the imperial government， with the same interference in the most trifling details and in the most trifling affair. Commune or department， such local society remains under the second Régime what it was under the first one， an extension of the central society， an appendix of the State， an adjunct of the great establishment of which the seat is at Paris. In these adjuncts， controlled from above， nothing is changed， neither the extent and limits of the circumscription， nor the source and hierarchy of powers， nor the theoretic framework， nor the practical mechanism， not even the names.[46] After the prefects of Empire come the prefects of the Restoration， the same in title and uniform， installed in the same mansion， to do the same work， with equal zeal， that is to say， with dangerous zeal， to such an extent that， on taking leave of their final audience， on setting out for their department， M. de Talleyrand， who knows men and institutions profoundly， gives them， as his last injunction， the following admirable order： "And， especially， no zeal！
" - According to the recommendation of Fouché， "the Bourbons slept in the bed of Napoleon，" which was the bed of Louis XIV.， but larger and more comfortable， widened by the Revolution and the Empire， adapted to the figure of its latest occupant， and enlarged by him so as to spread over the whole of France. When， after twenty-five years of exile， one returns home， it is pleasant to find such a bed in the house ready made， taking down and remaking the old one would give double trouble；moreover， in the old one， one was less at his ease； let us profit by all that rebels and the usurper have done that was good. In this particular， not alone the king， but again the most antiquated of the Bourbons are revolutionaries and Bonapartists； despotic traditionally， and monopolists through their situation， they accept with no regrets the systematic demolition effected by the Constituent Assembly， and the systematic centralization instituted by the First Consul. The Duc d'Angoulême， when， in 1815， he was paraded about the country， among the bridges， canals， and splendid roads of Languedoc， on being reminded that these fine works were formerly executed by the "ètats"of the province， dryly replied "We prefer the departments to the provinces."[47]
