Foundation and support， all this is expensive. The bishop requires a great deal of money， especially since the State， become ill-disposed， cuts off clerical resources as much as possible， no longer maintains scholarships in the seminaries， deprives suspicious desservans of their small stipends， eats into the salaries of the prelates， throws obstacles in the way of communal liberalities， taxes and over taxes the congregations， so that， not merely through the diminution of its allowances it relieves itself at the expense of the Church， but again， through the increase of its imposts， it burdens the Church for its own advantage. The episcopacy obtains all necessary funds through collections in the churches and at domiciles， through the gifts and subscriptions of the faithful； and， every year， it needs millions， apart from the budget appropriation， for its faculties and universities in which it installs largely paid professors， for the construction， location and arrangement of its countless buildings， for the expenses of its minor schools， for the support of its ten thousand seminarists， for the general out-lay on so many charitable institutions； and it is the bishop who， their principal promoter， must provide for this， all the more because he has often taken it upon himself in advance， and made himself responsible for it by either a written or verbal promise. He responds to all these engagements； he has funds on hand at the maturity of each contract. In 1883， the bishop of Nancy， in need of one hundred thousand francs to build a school-house with a work-room attached to it， mentions this to a number of persons assembled in his drawing-room； one of these puts his hand in his pocket and gives him ten thousand francs， and others subscribe on the spot to the amount of seventy-four thousand francs.[57] Cardinal Mathieu， during his administration， archbishop of Besan？on， thus collects and expends four millions. Lately， Cardinal Lavigerie， to whom the budget allows fifteen thousand francs per annum， wrote that he had spent eighteen hundred thousand francs and had incurred no debt.[58] - Through this initiative and this ascendancy the bishop becomes a central social rallying-point； there is no other in the provinces， nothing but so many disjointed lives， juxtaposed and kept together in an artificial circle prescribed from above； so that a good many of these， and of most consideration， gravitate to and group themselves， especially since 1830， around this last permanent center and form a part of its body； he is the sole germinating， vivifying， intact center that still agglutinates scattered wills and suitably organizes them. Naturally， class and party interests incorporate themselves additionally along with the Catholic interest which he represents， and his ecclesiastical authority becomes a political influence； besides his secular and regular clergy， over and beyond the two thousand five hundred exemplary or directorial lives which he controls， we see behind him an indefinite multitude of lay adhesions and devotedness. Consequently， every government must take him into their calculations， and all the more because his colleagues stand by him； the episcopacy， banded together， remains erect in face of the omnipotent State， under the July monarchy as claimants of free instruction and under the second empire in support of the temporal power of the Pope. - In this militant attitude， the figure of the bishop is fully unveiled； the titular champion of an infallible Church， himself a believer and submissive； his voice is extraordinarily proud and defiant；[59] in his own eyes， he is the unique depository of truth and morality； in the eyes of his followers， he becomes a superhuman personage， a prophet of salvation or of destruction， the annunciator of divine judgments， the dispenser of celestial anger or of celestial pardon； he rises to the clouds in an apotheosis of glory； with women especially， this veneration grows into enthusiasm and degenerates into idolatry.
Towards the end of the second empire an eminent French bishop， on a steamboat on Lake Leman， taking a roll of bread from his pocket， seated himself alongside of two ladies and ate it， handing each of them a piece of it. One of them， bowing reverently， replied to him， "At your hands， my lord， this is almost the holy communion！"[60]
IV. The subordinate clergy.
The subordinates. - The secular clergy. - Its derivation and how recruited. - How prepared and led. - The lower seminary. - The higher seminary. - Monthly lectures and annual retreat. - The Exercitia. -The Manreze du Prêtre. - The curé in his parish. - His r？le a difficult one. - His patience and correct conduct.
A clergy submissive in mind and feeling， long prepared by its condition and education for faith and obedience， acts under the sway of this sovereign and consecrated hand.[61] Among the 40，000 curés and desservans "more than 35，000 belong to the laboring class of workmen and peasants，"[62] not the first class of peasants， but the second class， the poorer families earning their daily bread and often with a good many children. Under the pressure of the ambient atmosphere and of the modern régime， the others keep back their sons， retaining them for the world and denying them to the Church； ambition， even low down on the scale， has developed itself and changed its object. No longer do they aspire for their sons to become a curé but a school master， a railroad employee， or a commercial clerk.[63] It was necessary to go descend further， a lower stratum has to be attained， in order to extract from it the priests that are lacking.
