登陆注册
5186300000085

第85章 Appendix I:Production,Consumption,Distribution,Exc

It is moreover wrong to consider society as a single subject,for this is a speculative approach.With regard to one subject,production and consumption appear as phases of a single operation.Only the most essential point is emphasised here,that production and consumption,if considered as activities of one subject or of single individuals,appear in any case as phases of one process whose actual point of departure is production which is accordingly the decisive factor.Consumption,as a necessity and as a need,is itself an intrinsic aspect of productive activity;the latter however is the point where the realisation begins and thus also the decisive phase,the action epitomising the entire process.An individual produces an object and by consuming it returns again to the point of departure:he returns however as a productive individual and an individual who reproduces himself.Consumption is thus a phase of production.

But in society,the relation of the producer to the product after its completion is extrinsic,and the return of the product to the subject depends on his relations to other individuals.The product does not immediately come into his possession.Its immediate appropriation,moreover,is not his aim,if he produces within society.Distribution ,which on the basis of social laws determines the individual's share in the world of products,intervenes between the producer and the products,i.e.,between production and consumption.

Is distribution,therefore,an independent sector alongside and outside production?b.[Production and Distribution]When looking through the ordinary run of economic works,one's attention is attracted forthwith by the fact that everything is mentioned twice,e.g.,rent,wages,interest and profit figure under the heading distribution,while under the heading of production land,labour and capital appear as factors of production.As to capital,it is evident from the outset that this is counted twice,first as a factor of production,and secondly as a source of income;i.e.,as a determining and determinate form of distribution.

Interest and profit appear therefore in production as well,since they are forms in which capital increases and grows,and are thus phases of its production.As forms of distribution,interest and profit presuppose capital as a factor of production.They are forms of distribution whose pre-condition is the existence of capital as a factor of production.They are likewise modes of reproduction of capital.

Wages represent also wage-labour,which is examined in a different section;the particular function that labour performs as a factor of production in the one case appears as a function of distribution in the other.If labour did not have the distinct form of wage-labour,then its share in the product would not appear as wages,as for instance in slavery.Finally rent --if we take the most advanced form of distribution by which landed property obtains a share in the product-presupposes large-scale landed property (strictly speaking,large-scale agriculture)as a factor of production,and not land in general;just as wages do not presuppose labour in general.

The relations and modes of distribution are thus merely the reverse aspect of the factors of production.An individual whose participation in production takes the form of wage-labour will receive a share in the product,the result of production,in the form of wages.The structure of distribution is entirely determined by the structure of production.Distribution itself is a product of production,not only with regard to the content,for only the results of production can be distributed,but also with regard to the form,since the particular mode of men's participation in production determines the specific form of distribution,the form,in which they share in distribution.

It is altogether an illusion to speak of land in the section on production,and of rent in the section on distribution,etc.

Economists like Ricardo who are mainly accused of having paid exclusive attention to production,have accordingly regarded distribution as the exclusive subject of political economy,for they have instinctively treated the forms of distribution as the most precise expression in which factors of production manifest themselves in a given society.

To the single individual distribution naturally appears as a social law,which determines his position within the framework of production,within which he produces;distribution thus being antecedent to production.

An individual who has neither capital nor landed property of his own is dependent on wage-labour from his birth as a consequence of social distribution.

But this dependence is itself the result of the existence of capital and landed property as independent factors of production.

When one considers whole societies,still another aspect of distribution appears to be antecedent to production and to determine it,as though it were an ante-economic factor.A conquering nation may divide the land among the conquerors and in this way imposes a distinct mode of distribution and form of landed property,thus determining production.Or it may turn the population into slaves,thus making slave-labour the basis of production.

Or in the course of a revolution,a nation may divide large estates into plots,thus altering the character of production in consequence of the new distribution.Or legislation may perpetuate land ownership in certain families,or allocate labour as a hereditary privilege,thus consolidating it into a caste system.In all these cases,and they have all occurred in history,it seems that distribution is not regulated and determined by production but,on the contrary,production by distribution.

同类推荐
  • 三冈识略

    三冈识略

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 梅道士水亭

    梅道士水亭

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • Paul Prescott's Charge

    Paul Prescott's Charge

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 青宫译语

    青宫译语

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 黄庭内外景玉经解

    黄庭内外景玉经解

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 盛宠娇妻,这个总裁不好惹

    盛宠娇妻,这个总裁不好惹

    春风吹,战鼓擂,遇见流氓谁怕谁。醉酒后的顾小溪不一小心就惹上了腹黑又自恋的沈少。从此生活在了水生火热之中。
  • 紫金光耀大仙修真演义

    紫金光耀大仙修真演义

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 仙源之路

    仙源之路

    在2017年的一天,我经历了无法想象的事,我竟然被天上的雷给劈死了。。。。。。
  • 舞之邪

    舞之邪

    俗话说“雷不劈好人。”下面这位人物不知道算不算是特殊的。女大学生林晓舞为赴帅哥约会,顶着下雨之天出去了,本想来个浪漫的约会,可惜老天不给面子,惊雷一声,我们还没来得及和帅哥好好说句话的林晓舞,竟然被雷给华丽丽的劈死了,醒来后,发现自己重生于一个未知的时空。而且自己还变成了一个婴儿,林晓舞很是郁闷,自己可是绝对的乖宝宝,怎么会遭雷劈?怎么会呢?好吧,有时候是有点小坏,呜呜......可是也不至于遭雷劈吧,我不就是花痴一点吗?我不就是没事整整我那个后妈吗?我不就是逃逃课吗?我不就是看不过眼的时候,适当的伸张一下“正义”吗?至于被雷劈吗?算了甩甩眼泪,就勉强活一下吧。想知道重生后的,林晓舞是怎样勉强活一下的吗?还等什么?快点击《舞之邪》吧。
  • 哈佛家训(钻石版)

    哈佛家训(钻石版)

    《哈佛家训(钻石版)》以哈佛人生哲学为主线,讲述了大量的经典案例,寓能力培养干思维拓展之中,通过对孩子自信、诚信、爱心等品质的培养,引导孩子去创造属于自己的卓越人生。如果此书是灯,希望能照亮青少年前行的路。如果此书是路,希望能引领青少年走向理想之路。
  • Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven

    Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 台湾资料清高宗实录选辑

    台湾资料清高宗实录选辑

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 删定止观

    删定止观

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 快穿之接近我的男神

    快穿之接近我的男神

    推荐新书《女扮男装之绝世幻瞳师》,欢迎入坑!“前世今生,只要你出现在我的世界里,我就会疯狂爱上你,眼里再也容不下其他人。”“我也和他同样的爱着你啊!为什么你永远只看到他?”“我们重新来过,这一次忘却记忆的你是否会爱上他,如果是,我认了,我会认真祝福你们”。一觉苏醒,忘却前尘的她被坑到一个叫做女配逆袭的系统开始了她的穿梭之路。为什么会遇到两个一模一样的男人追着她不放,究竟谁才是她心中的那个他呢!双面性格的他们?互换身份的总裁or影帝?隐藏身份的质子or丞相?黑化魔尊or无情师尊?谁才是她的那个他呢?就让本宝宝带着大家穿梭一个个位面,去见证他们的奇迹!喜欢的小伙伴们入坑吧!不喜欢的就路过吧。
  • 穷人穷什么

    穷人穷什么

    打开《穷人穷什么》,改变就已经开始!审视你的现状,改变你的观念,增强的你品位,摒弃你的弱点,就能找到你自己的出路。你知道穷人与富人间的区别吗?《穷人穷什么》从心态的角度,给予说明。看看《穷人穷什么》,你就可以知道你与富人间到底差距在哪。然后从中吸取教训,说不定,下一个富人就是你。《穷人穷什么》立足于让穷人认识自我,尤其是认识自己的弱点,知耻而后勇,它不想让穷人沉溺于一种假想的贫穷快乐中,而是以直面人生的笔触唤起穷人改变自我的勇气。