We must shut our eyes against reason, we must basely degrade our understanding, not to see the folly of what is called monarchy.Nature is orderly in all her works; but this is a mode of government that counteracts nature.It turns the progress of the human faculties upside down.It subjects age to be governed by children, and wisdom by folly.
On the contrary, the representative system is always parallel with the order and immutable laws of nature, and meets the reason of man in every part.For example:
In the American Federal Government, more power is delegated to the President of the United States than to any other individual member of Congress.He cannot, therefore, be elected to this office under the age of thirty-five years.By this time the judgment of man becomes more matured, and he has lived long enough to be acquainted with men and things, and the country with him.- But on the monarchial plan (exclusive of the numerous chances there are against every man born into the world, of drawing a prize in the lottery of human faculties), the next in succession, whatever he may be, is put at the head of a nation, and of a government, at the age of eighteen years.Does this appear like an action of wisdom? Is it consistent with the proper dignity and the manly character of a nation? Where is the propriety of calling such a lad the father of the people?- In all other cases, a person is a minor until the age of twenty-one years.
Before this period, he is not trusted with the management of an acre of land, or with the heritable property of a flock of sheep, or an herd of swine; but, wonderful to tell! he may, at the age of eighteen years, be trusted with a nation.
That monarchy is all a bubble, a mere court artifice to procure money, is evident (at least to me) in every character in which it can be viewed.It would be impossible, on the rational system of representative government, to make out a bill of expenses to such an enormous amount as this deception admits.Government is not of itself a very chargeable institution.The whole expense of the federal government of America, founded, as I have already said, on the system of representation, and extending over a country nearly ten times as large as England, is but six hundred thousand dollars, or one hundred and thirty-five thousand pounds sterling.
I presume that no man in his sober senses will compare the character of any of the kings of Europe with that of General Washington.Yet, in France, and also in England, the expense of the civil list only, for the support of one man, is eight times greater than the whole expense of the federal government in America.
To assign a reason for this, appears almost impossible.
The generality of people in America, especially the poor, are more able to pay taxes, than the generality of people either in France or England.
But the case is, that the representative system diffuses such a body of knowledge throughout a nation, on the subject of government, as to explode ignorance and preclude imposition.The craft of courts cannot be acted on that ground.There is no place for mystery; nowhere for it to begin.Those who are not in the representation, know as much of the nature of business as those who are.An affectation of mysterious importance would there be scouted.Nations can have no secrets; and the secrets of courts, like those of individuals, are always their defects.
In the representative system, the reason for everything must publicly appear.Every man is a proprietor in government, and considers it a necessary part of his business to understand.It concerns his interest, because it affects his property.He examines the cost, and compares it with the advantages; and above all, he does not adopt the slavish custom of following what in other governments are called Leaders.
It can only be by blinding the understanding of man, and making him believe that government is some wonderful mysterious thing, that excessive revenues are obtained.Monarchy is well calculated to ensure this end.It is the popery of government; a thing kept up to amuse the ignorant, and quiet them into taxes.
The government of a free country, properly speaking, is not in the persons, but in the laws.The enacting of those requires no great expense; and when they are administered, the whole of civil government is performed- the rest is all court contrivance.
CHAPTER IV
Of Constitutions That men mean distinct and separate things when they speak of constitutions and of governments, is evident; or why are those terms distinctly and separately used? A constitution is not the act of a government, but of a people constituting a government;and government without a constitution, is power without a right.
All power exercised over a nation, must have some beginning.It must either be delegated or assumed.There are no other sources.All delegated power is trust, and all assumed power is usurpation.
Time does not alter the nature and quality of either.
In viewing this subject, the case and circumstances of America present themselves as in the beginning of a world; and our enquiry into the origin of government is shortened, by referring to the facts that have arisen in our own day.We have no occasion to roam for information into the obscure field of antiquity, nor hazard ourselves upon conjecture.We are brought at once to the point of seeing government begin, as if we had lived in the beginning of time.The real volume, not of history, but of facts, is directly before us, unmutilated by contrivance, or the errors of tradition.
I will here concisely state the commencement of the American constitutions;by which the difference between constitutions and governments will sufficiently appear.
