登陆注册
5270400000026

第26章

Inasmuch as contraries can be conjoined with each other in six ways, and four of these conjunctions constitute a contrariety, we must grasp the subject of contraries, in order that it may help us both in demolishing and in establishing a view. Well then, that the modes of conjunction are six is clear: for either (1) each of the contrary verbs will be conjoined to each of the contrary objects; and this gives two modes: e.g. to do good to friends and to do evil to enemies, or per contra to do evil to friends and to do good to enemies. Or else (2) both verbs may be attached to one object; and this too gives two modes, e.g. to do good to friends and to do evil to friends, or to do good to enemies and to do evil to enemies. Or (3) a single verb may be attached to both objects: and this also gives two modes; e.g. to do good to friends and to do good to enemies, or to do evil to friends and evil to enemies.

The first two then of the aforesaid conjunctions do not constitute any contrariety; for the doing of good to friends is not contrary to the doing of evil to enemies: for both courses are desirable and belong to the same disposition. Nor is the doing of evil to friends contrary to the doing of good to enemies: for both of these are objectionable and belong to the same disposition: and one objectionable thing is not generally thought to be the contrary of another, unless the one be an expression denoting an excess, and the other an expression denoting a defect: for an excess is generally thought to belong to the class of objectionable things, and likewise also a defect. But the other four all constitute a contrariety. For to do good to friends is contrary to the doing of evil to friends: for it proceeds from the contrary disposition, and the one is desirable, and the other objectionable. The case is the same also in regard to the other conjunctions: for in each combination the one course is desirable, and the other objectionable, and the one belongs to a reasonable disposition and the other to a bad. Clearly, then, from what has been said, the same course has more than one contrary. For the doing of good to friends has as its contrary both the doing of good to enemies and the doing of evil to friends. Likewise, if we examine them in the same way, we shall find that the contraries of each of the others also are two in number. Select therefore whichever of the two contraries is useful in attacking the thesis.

Moreover, if the accident of a thing have a contrary, see whether it belongs to the subject to which the accident in question has been declared to belong: for if the latter belongs the former could not belong; for it is impossible that contrary predicates should belong at the same time to the same thing.

Or again, look and see if anything has been said about something, of such a kind that if it be true, contrary predicates must necessarily belong to the thing: e.g. if he has said that the 'Ideas' exist in us.

For then the result will be that they are both in motion and at rest, and moreover that they are objects both of sensation and of thought. For according to the views of those who posit the existence of Ideas, those Ideas are at rest and are objects of thought; while if they exist in us, it is impossible that they should be unmoved: for when we move, it follows necessarily that all that is in us moves with us as well. Clearly also they are objects of sensation, if they exist in us: for it is through the sensation of sight that we recognize the Form present in each individual.

Again, if there be posited an accident which has a contrary, look and see if that which admits of the accident will admit of its contrary as well: for the same thing admits of contraries. Thus (e.g.) if he has asserted that hatred follows anger, hatred would in that case be in the 'spirited faculty': for that is where anger is. You should therefore look and see if its contrary, to wit, friendship, be also in the 'spirited faculty': for if not-if friendship is in the faculty of desire-then hatred could not follow anger. Likewise also if he has asserted that the faculty of desire is ignorant. For if it were capable of ignorance, it would be capable of knowledge as well: and this is not generally held-I mean that the faculty of desire is capable of knowledge. For purposes, then, of overthrowing a view, as has been said, this rule should be observed: but for purposes of establishing one, though the rule will not help you to assert that the accident actually belongs, it will help you to assert that it may possibly belong. For having shown that the thing in question will not admit of the contrary of the accident asserted, we shall have shown that the accident neither belongs nor can possibly belong; while on the other hand, if we show that the contrary belongs, or that the thing is capable of the contrary, we shall not indeed as yet have shown that the accident asserted does belong as well; our proof will merely have gone to this point, that it is possible for it to belong.

同类推荐
  • 全闽诗话

    全闽诗话

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 阴阳九转成紫金点化还丹诀

    阴阳九转成紫金点化还丹诀

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 药师如来念诵仪轨

    药师如来念诵仪轨

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 佛说出家缘经

    佛说出家缘经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 宋人轶事汇编

    宋人轶事汇编

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 迷茫魔法师与堕落者公会

    迷茫魔法师与堕落者公会

    被当做尸体卖给死灵法师后,身体中被种下了古代魔法的灵种。想要放弃生命的魔法训练兵也正因此,邂逅了一个宛如传说的杀手公会。相遇即是奇迹。在和杀手们的行动中,迷茫魔法师与命运相遇了。这只是一个简单的,关于成长的故事。
  • 坚持

    坚持

    一个偶然的机会,霍莉与摇滚人特雷弗在酒吧一见钟情,从此跟着特雷弗到世界各地巡演,她将亲历摇滚音乐人什么样的生活?霍莉对特雷弗隐藏了自己的心理隐疾,她将如何与特雷弗朝夕厮守才能不露原形?眼看幸福指日可待,一场潜伏已久的变故,伴随着挥之不去的梦魇,让一切化为泡影。霍莉能否打破命运的魔咒重拾幸福?还是像母亲当年一样踏上不归路?
  • 似曾雨落桐亦安

    似曾雨落桐亦安

    我们都在时间里,转过快乐,转过忧伤,转过黎明,转过夕阳。然后在某个敏感而深刻的年纪,刻下相聚离散,兜兜转转。曾经说过不认输,却在冥冥之中,身不由己。在某个合适的时机,你我都会尝到,岁月熬制的苦口良药。
  • 只要儿子不要相公

    只要儿子不要相公

    穿越变成大肚子少妇!还有个英俊少年,自称是我丈夫?连番轰乍令人无法接受,受刺激过度引发腹痛,折腾半天终于顺利早产,该死的古董生完孩子就拆桥,只要孩子不要人,一脚将我踢出房当作下人使唤,还不许我见那刚出生的娃。好小子,咱走着瞧!
  • 灵宝玉监

    灵宝玉监

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 旧年柳花迟

    旧年柳花迟

    孤儿党淼淼莫名穿越后被首富甜宠;首富视她为珍宝,视她为救命稻草;大婚夜被人夺夫险些殒命;夫君带她纵横江湖,从胆小懵懂成长到独挡一面的堂主夫人,却被夫君追杀;险象环生后,苦守青楼;江湖险恶与当朝朝廷哪个更加危险?老王爷和小王爷各自有何目的……纵横温情江湖的风花雪月情归何处?情人锁,让两人命运纠缠千年;回到千年后,他找不到她,她却意外发他是自己表哥,这段虐情,该何去何从?--情节虚构,请勿模仿
  • 老胡征婚

    老胡征婚

    这天上午,临江市教委有人在全国一家著名的文学刊物上发现了一则署名古月的征婚启事,只见内容这样写道:古月,男,40岁,身高1.75米,大学本科学历,正高职称,现就职于临江市教委。事业心强,感情专一。平生酷爱文学艺术,坚持业余创作,已出版专著三本。不幸丧偶,哀思切切,独居多年。愿觅情真意切、端庄贤淑、35岁以上40岁以下的女子相伴余生。若能喜结鸾凤,定能携子之手,与子偕老。大伙感到奇怪,教委并没有一个叫古月的人啊。这事很快就传开了。没过多久,就有人说有了有了,“古月”者“胡”也!教研室不是有一个胡天成吗?
  • 公司因你而不同

    公司因你而不同

    “公司因你而不同”,是微软和IBM等公司成功的秘诀,也是我们在工作中十分值得提倡的一种职业理念。《公司因你而不同》通过这个理念,帮你激发工作潜能,提升工作价值,实现人企双赢。
  • 生财致富经济学

    生财致富经济学

    本书是一本写给普通大众的经济学读物,内容涉及理财、投资等人们比较关心的“生财致富”的话题。全书用通俗、生动的语言讲解了人们在追逐财富的道路上需要学习的一些经济学常识,旨在告诉人们如何按照经济学规律去生活、去理财。
  • 私宠甜心

    私宠甜心

    她,安于麻雀命不愿成凤凰,然而世事难料,遭遇精英腹黑男。宠她疼她爱他,最后,将这只兔子拆吃入腹没商量!【你追我赶宠溺到底】结婚前夕,她被一盆狗血淋头:目睹未婚夫和闺蜜滚上床。伤心纵情醉酒,却偶遇阔别多年的大学学长。生活是辆苟延残喘的绿皮火车,从此彻底脱轨。仿佛时光倒流,回到龟毛的大学时代。学长们温柔精明、帅气强悍,青年才俊家世显赫。光辉无限如海上灯塔,魅力无边如人场磁石。她战战兢兢,辗转其中。她说:“我只是个小市民,从不妄想成凤凰。何苦逢场作戏——你们可以轻松抽身而出,我一旦陷下去,就万劫不复。”“小市民的特征之一是什么?”“没有决策权。”“…学长,你们这是准备出道唱双簧么T_T”宠她、惯她、疼她、爱她…吞了她!究竟这只钢牙兔,会被豹子吃掉,还是被狐狸拖走?【剧透是优良传统】◆言曜:少爷一只,花心凉薄情债无数,可为毛她总是看到他的脱线贫嘴破原则?“真难得,敢拒绝本大爷的,你是第二个!”“大爷,别给我希望。我会做梦,但梦醒了日子还要接着过。我要的,你给不起!”“没试过,你又怎么知道我给不给得起?”◆顾泠澜:严肃正经是给别人看的,骨子里是淡漠毒舌偶尔OOC。“一般医生床上功夫都不浅,”他说得平淡,浴袍自肩头滑落触目惊心的白,“你要不要试试?”她抬头,看那眸底万种风情,深呼吸克制牙关颤栗:“…大圣,快来收了这妖孽吧。”【收藏是重要美德】〖职场〗+〖宠文〗+〖腹黑〗+〖偶发性抽风〗+〖私人萌点乱入〗=〖→_→…这是填空题〗这是披着正剧皮的都市轻喜剧,是反攻不成倒被吃,是静水深流的心悸,是两情相悦的欢欣,还有患得患失的犹豫。群号:212153870(无节操的搅基游泳池)寻开心入坑,喜欢请戳〖放入书架〗↓↓↓★★★★★★【饱含血泪的领证区】【勾搭调戏手要快啊】温柔冷静有时OOC的顾家少爷顾泠澜被【长袖扇舞】给领走了~(泪)强势霸道脱线抽风起来一流的言大少言曜被【冰羽蝶儿】拖回去了。丫头你就冒了一次泡就带走一个人,算你赚到!通透清明总是装傻充愣的兔子冉雪被【urc0309】带走了(挥爪,记得好好待她~)★★★★★★【友联是有爱的】看腻了欢脱轻喜剧?没关系!这里有更多选择~【薄情女佬大】陛下的现代文~女强复仇,看大姐头如何叱咤风云!【脱光—警花女神棍】不许想歪!这就是个女神混变成女神棍再变成女神婚(?)的故事~