登陆注册
5382300000134

第134章 CHAPTER XX(6)

in 1855 no important change was made in the legal status of the Noblesse, but a gradual change took place in its social character by the continual influx of Western ideas and Western culture. The exclusively French culture in vogue at the Court of Catherine assumed a more cosmopolitan colouring, and permeated downwards till all who had any pretensions to being civilises spoke French with tolerable fluency and possessed at least a superficial acquaintance with the literature of Western Europe. What chiefly distinguished them in the eye of the law from the other classes was the privilege of possessing "inhabited estates"--that is to say, estates with serfs. By the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 this valuable privilege was abolished, and about one-half of their landed property passed into the hands of the peasantry. By the administrative reforms which have since taken place, any little significance which the provincial corporations may have possessed has been annihilated. Thus at the present day the nobles are on a level with the other classes with regard to the right of possessing landed property and the administration of local affairs.

From this rapid sketch the reader will easily perceive that the Russian Noblesse has had a peculiar historical development. In Germany, France, and England the nobles were early formed into a homogeneous organised body by the political conditions in which they were placed. They had to repel the encroaching tendencies of the Monarchy on the one hand, and of the bourgeoisie on the other;

and in this long struggle with powerful rivals they instinctively held together and developed a vigorous esprit de corps. New members penetrated into their ranks, but these intruders were so few in number that they were rapidly assimilated without modifying the general character or recognised ideals of the class, and without rudely disturbing the fiction of purity of blood. The class thus assumed more and more the nature of a caste with a peculiar intellectual and moral culture, and stoutly defended its position and privileges till the ever-increasing power of the middle classes undermined its influence. Its fate in different countries has been different. In Germany it clung to its feudal traditions, and still preserves its social exclusiveness. In France it was deprived of its political influence by the Monarchy and crushed by the Revolution. In England it moderated its pretensions, allied itself with the middle classes, created under the disguise of constitutional monarchy an aristocratic republic, and conceded inch by inch, as necessity demanded, a share of its political influence to the ally that had helped it to curb the Royal power. Thus the German baron, the French gentilhomme, and the English nobleman represent three distinct, well-marked types;

but amidst all their diversities they have much in common. They have all preserved to a greater or less extent a haughty consciousness of innate inextinguishable superiority over the lower orders, together with a more or less carefully disguised dislike for the class which has been, and still is, an aggressive rival.

The Russian Noblesse has not these characteristics. It was formed out of more heterogeneous materials, and these materials did not spontaneously combine to form an organic whole, but were crushed into a conglomerate mass by the weight of the autocratic power. It never became a semi-independent factor in the State. What rights and privileges it possesses it received from the Monarchy, and consequently it has no deep-rooted jealousy or hatred of the Imperial prerogative. On the other hand, it has never had to struggle with the other social classes, and therefore it harbours towards them no feelings of rivalry or hostility. If we hear a Russian noble speak with indignation of autocracy or with acrimony of the bourgeoisie, we may be sure that these feelings have their source, not in traditional conceptions, but in principles learned from the modern schools of social and political philosophy. The class to which he belongs has undergone so many transformations that it has no hoary traditions or deep-rooted prejudices, and always willingly adapts itself to existing conditions. Indeed, it may be said in general that it looks more to the future than the past, and is ever ready to accept any new ideas that wear the badge of progress. Its freedom from traditions and prejudices makes it singularly susceptible of generous enthusiasm and capable of vigorous spasmodic action, but calm moral courage and tenacity of purpose are not among its prominent attributes. In a word, we find in it neither the peculiar virtues nor the peculiar vices which are engendered and fostered by an atmosphere of political liberty.

However we may explain the fact, there is no doubt that the Russian Noblesse has little or nothing of what we call aristocratic feeling--little or nothing of that haughty, domineering, exclusive spirit which we are accustomed to associate with the word aristocracy. We find plenty of Russians who are proud of their wealth, of their culture, or of their official position, but we rarely find a Russian who is proud of his birth or imagines that the fact of his having a long pedigree gives him any right to political privileges or social consideration. Hence there is a certain amount of truth in the oft-repeated saying that there is in reality no aristocracy in Russia.

Certainly the Noblesse as a whole cannot be called an aristocracy.

同类推荐
  • 蚁术诗选

    蚁术诗选

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 翠崖必禅师语录

    翠崖必禅师语录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 庄子

    庄子

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 沈阳纪程

    沈阳纪程

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • The Ancien Regime

    The Ancien Regime

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 成功法则全书

    成功法则全书

    本书是希尔花费了25年多的时间才整理出的一部个人成功领域的经典之作。本书已售出上千万册,帮助成千上万的人获得了成功。成功的秘密其实简单,当你阅读此书时,你将从中领悟到这一真谛。本书主要介绍了成功法则导论:智囊团的力量、成功法则之一:明确的目标、成功法则之二:自信心、成功法则之三:储蓄的习惯、成功法则之四:进取心与领导才能、成功法则之五:想象力、成功法则之六:充满热忱、成功法则之七:自制力、成功法则之八:付出多于报酬等。
  • 最妙趣横生的社会心理学

    最妙趣横生的社会心理学

    《最妙趣横生的社会心理学》从一个个人们日常生活中的事例来讨论社会心理学的基本道理,打造最有趣的社会心理学趣味读本,通过对社会心理学问题的趣味解读,带你走进妙趣横生、别出心裁的社会心理学世界。读者在阅读的过程当中能够体会到社会心理学的趣味以及魅力,如果再能够将其运用到认识世界的过程当中,便可以从小事情中看出大道理,令一个全新的世界在自己眼前展开。一本书,引领你打开一个全新的世界之门。
  • 搞鬼:废柴道士的爆笑生活3

    搞鬼:废柴道士的爆笑生活3

    史上最废柴的道士——马力术,是一个以贴小广告为生的“文化工作者”。他出生在一个历代都有一个有通灵能力传人的道士世家,而这一代的通灵能力又刚好遗传到了马力术身上,于是他继承了他爷爷的二叔的大爷的曾孙子留给他的一座二层小楼,开始了他的道士生活。这座二层小楼位于极阴之地,里面住着一个大舌头吊死鬼、一个男人头、一个没舌头的小鬼、一个狐狸精、一个画皮妖,还有一个神兽——貔貅,这些鬼和妖各自都有一段既纠结又爆笑的故事,请听马力术为您娓娓道来……
  • 国学十八篇

    国学十八篇

    《国学公共课:国学十八篇》收录章太炎先生1922年及1935年数次公开讲学记录,系统体现国学的概貌,展示章氏深厚的学养,内容通俗易懂、简略概括,对中国传统经学、哲学、文学进行精到而系统的简述,深入浅出,行文典丽古雅,是热爱本国传统文化的读者的最佳入门读物,也是了解章氏思想及国学进阶的最佳指引之书。
  • 平民王后

    平民王后

    “懒猪起床,懒猪起床!懒……猪……”闪电般,一条纤细的手臂自被子里探出,打蟑螂似的猛然拍下不停叫嚣的闹钟,再轻轻一弹将闹钟推入绝崖峭壁底下,而后,「凶」手悄悄缩回被子里去。又过了半会,被子才慢吞吞的一点一点的移开。一张半梦半醒,睡眼惺忪的可爱娃娃脸慢慢露出,可爱的萝莉娃娃脸顶着蓬蓬松松的乱发慢慢的坐了起来,一手在干瘪瘪的无肉的胸前抓了抓。然后她又茫然呆坐着,不知……
  • 重生之农女毒后

    重生之农女毒后

    凤九爷相中楚蘅,想着,这辈子,哪怕是坑蒙拐骗,也要将那个小女人娶回家。这辈子,楚蘅只想报了那血海深仇后,找个庄稼汉嫁了,过过做做生意,数数钱,养养鸡,逗逗娃的悠闲日子,等入了洞房才发现,她找的庄稼汉,竟然是天煞的九王。*****洞房花烛,红罗帐暖,龙凤呈祥盖头被掀起,楚蘅有惊无喜。说好的庄稼汉呢?奸笑的凤九爷扯下盖头:蘅儿,为夫这厢有礼了。楚蘅:凤玹,怎么是你?九爷:蘅儿,难道你没听说过,当朝九王的名讳吗?楚蘅咆哮:我要退货。九爷:你逃不过爷的五指山,还是乖乖的。
  • 甜宠秘恋,攻略傲娇大神

    甜宠秘恋,攻略傲娇大神

    黎贝晞一直知道她那青梅竹马的男闺蜜景向之的哥哥是华大只可远观的神级风云人物!他从小到大都是家长口中“别人家的孩子”。如此高冷大神,平时远观花痴他是一回事,可是他突然变得如此平易近人,还对她各种撩各种小暧昧是闹哪样?有天,景向之神秘兮兮地跟她分析着他哥的各种怪异行为,得出结论认为他那高冷的哥哥可能有女朋友了。
  • 跟诸葛亮学口才:成大事必备的说话艺术

    跟诸葛亮学口才:成大事必备的说话艺术

    语言能力是一个现代人才必备的素质之一。说话不仅仅是一门学问,还是你赢得事业成功的常变常新的资本。好口才会给你带来好的运气和财气,所以拥有好口才,就等于拥有了辉煌的前程。一个人,不管你生性多么聪颖、接受过多么高深的教育、穿着多么漂亮的衣服、拥有多么雄厚的资产,如果你无法流畅、恰当地表达自己的思想,你仍就无法真正实现自己的价值。本书通过现代事例加以诠释后,成为快速提升说话能力的一部奇书。
  • 开放你的心态(全集)

    开放你的心态(全集)

    本书告诉大家如何获得做人的积极心态,以道理服人,以事实说话。愿每位有志于自己成大事者,能从中获得积极力量,并改变自己人生的方向。
  • 天台智者大师传论

    天台智者大师传论

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。