The conception of a cubic foot of space, however I may think it, is in itself completely identical.But two cubic feet in space are nevertheless distinct from each other from the sole fact of their being in different places (they are numero diversa); and these places are conditions of intuition, wherein the object of this conception is given, and which do not belong to the conception, but to the faculty of sensibility.In like manner, there is in the conception of a thing no contradiction when a negative is not connected with an affirmative; and merely affirmative conceptions cannot, in conjunction, produce any negation.But in sensuous intuition, wherein reality (take for example, motion) is given, we find conditions (opposite directions)- of which abstraction has been made in the conception of motion in general- which render possible a contradiction or opposition (not indeed of a logical kind)- and which from pure positives produce zero = 0.We are therefore not justified in saying that all reality is in perfect agreement and harmony, because no contradiction is discoverable among its conceptions.* According to mere conceptions, that which is internal is the substratum of all relations or external determinations.When, therefore, I abstract all conditions of intuition, and confine myself solely to the conception of a thing in general, I can make abstraction of all external relations, and there must nevertheless remain a conception of that which indicates no relation, but merely internal determinations.Now it seems to follow that in everything (substance) there is something which is absolutely internal and which antecedes all external determinations, inasmuch as it renders them possible; and that therefore this substratum is something which does not contain any external relations and is consequently simple (for corporeal things are never anything but relations, at least of their parts external to each other); and, inasmuch as we know of no other absolutely internal determinations than those of the internal sense, this substratum is not only simple, but also, analogously with our internal sense, determined through representations, that is to say, all things are properly monads, or simple beings endowed with the power of representation.Now all this would be perfectly correct, if the conception of a thing were the only necessary condition of the presentation of objects of external intuition.It is, on the contrary, manifest that a permanent phenomenon in space (impenetrable extension) can contain mere relations, and nothing that is absolutely internal, and yet be the primary substratum of all external perception.By mere conceptions I cannot think anything external, without, at the same time, thinking something internal, for the reason that conceptions of relations presuppose given things, and without these are impossible.But, as an intuition there is something (that is, space, which, with all it contains, consists of purely formal, or, indeed, real relations) which is not found in the mere conception of a thing in general, and this presents to us the substratum which could not be cognized through conceptions alone, Icannot say: because a thing cannot be represented by mere conceptions without something absolutely internal, there is also, in the things themselves which are contained under these conceptions, and in their intuition nothing external to which something absolutely internal does not serve as the foundation.For, when we have made abstraction of all the conditions of intuition, there certainly remains in the mere conception nothing but the internal in general, through which alone the external is possible.But this necessity, which is grounded upon abstraction alone, does not obtain in the case of things themselves, in so far as they are given in intuition with such determinations as express mere relations, without having anything internal as their foundation; for they are not things of a thing of which we can neither for they are not things in themselves, but only phenomena.What we cognize in matter is nothing but relations (what we call its internal determinations are but comparatively internal).But there are some self-subsistent and permanent, through which a determined object is given.That I, when abstraction is made of these relations, have nothing more to think, does not destroy the conception of a thing as phenomenon, nor the conception of an object in abstracto, but it does away with the possibility of an object that is determinable according to mere conceptions, that is, of a noumenon.It is certainly startling to hear that a thing consists solely of relations; but this thing is simply a phenomenon, and cannot be cogitated by means of the mere categories: it does itself consist in the mere relation of something in general to the senses.In the same way, we cannot cogitate relations of things in abstracto, if we commence with conceptions alone, in any other manner than that one is the cause of determinations in the other; for that is itself the conception of the understanding or category of relation.But, as in this case we make abstraction of all intuition, we lose altogether the mode in which the manifold determines to each of its parts its place, that is, the form of sensibility (space); and yet this mode antecedes all empirical causality.
同类推荐
The Brotherhood of Consolation
本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
八部天龙游:仙人指路
看似平静的大理城暗藏汹涌,仿若天堂的苏州饱含腥风。亦或偷袭各大门派的江湖宵小?捍卫师门!是四处作乱、危害百姓的造反恶贼?击伤贼兵头目!是影射入局之人心神的珍珑棋局?勇斗远古棋魂……当一个又一个阴谋接踵而来,她要面临的究竟是什么?身着道袍的女子,恍惚出现,一手举起,似为他人引进篷莱之路,又似为他人指向地狱之门!爱妻如命,总裁悠着点!
“许安知,你还回来做什么?”离去五年,曾经将她捧在手心的男人现在厌恶她之极。她另有所图,哪怕他冷漠相待,亦是步步为营,只为嫁给他。“傅斯年,娶了我。”——傅斯年恨透了许安知,恨她在自己面前的伪装,恨在她的眼里看不到自己的影子,恨五年前他让她滚,她就毫不犹豫地走了。可那又如何?她在世人眼里再如何不堪,他亦是要定了她。熬不住对她的思念,他布下一局,将她逼到自己怀里。“许安知,签字!”许安知不解,疑惑地看着他。“签!你许安知敢离开我半步,许氏和你儿子都是我一个人的。”他厉声警告,看她的眼神却是炽热无比,恨不得将她拆了吞进腹内。许安知,哪怕你不爱我,我也不敢再将你赶走。——“白莲花”继妹当着众人的面,指着她的鼻子骂:“许安知,你是个恶毒的女人!”许安知承认,自己的优雅,自己的温和全是装的,她自始至终就是一个坏女人!别人欺她一分,她必定报复回来。那个以为不爱自己的男人缓缓地走过来,将她拥入怀,脸上露出少有的笑容,对所有人说:抱歉,我宠的!傅斯年从来都知道自己爱上的女人是个小坏蛋,他并不在意,只想着将她再宠坏点,宠得没有其他男人敢招惹她!宠得她只能乖乖地呆在他身边,只做他的女人!残王枭宠:王妃驭夫有道
被瘸腿王爷玩壁咚是个什么样的体验?好惨,呃,为毛要嫁给那个双腿残疾的夫君啊,呜呜呜。靠,坐在轮椅上居然这么帅!对了,法医不光能验尸,还会针灸呢,要是能治好他的腿……嘿嘿嘿!