登陆注册
5589700000105

第105章 BENTHAM'S DOCTRINE(27)

37.It is not worth while to consider this at length;but I give the following conjectural account of the list as it appears in the Morals and Legislation above.In classifying pain or pleasure,Bentham is,I think,following the clue suggested by his 'sanctions'.He is realy classifying according to their causes or the way in which they are 'annexed'.Thus pleasure may or may not be dependent upon other persons,or if upon other persons,may be indirectly or directly caused by their pleasures or pains.Pleasures not caused by persons correspond to the 'physical sanction',and are those (1)of the 'senses',(2)of wealth,i.e.caused by the possession of things,and (3)of 'skill',i.e.caused by our ability to use things.Pleasures caused by persons indirectly correspond first to the 'popular or moral sanction,'and are pleasures (4)of 'amity',caused by the goodwill of individuals,and (5)of a 'good name',caused by the goodwill of people in general;secondly,to 'political sanction,'namely (6)pleasures of 'power';and thirdly,to the 'religious sanction,'or (7)pleasures of 'piety'.All these are 'self-regarding pleasures.'The pleasures caused directly by the pleasures of others are those (8)of 'benevolence',and (9)of malevolence.We then have what is really a cross division of classes of 'deriviative'pleasures;these being due to (10)memory,(11)imagination,(12)expectation,(13)association.To each class of pleasures corresponds a class of pains,except that there are no pains corresponding to the pleasures of wealth or power.We have,however,a general class of pains of 'privation',which might include pairs of poverty or weakness:and to these are opposed (14)pleasures of 'relief',i.e.of the privation of pains.In the Table,as separately published,Bentham modified this by dividing pleasures of 'curiosity'for pleasures of 'skill',by suppressing pleasures of relief and pains of privation;and by adding,as a class of 'pains'without corresponding pleasures,pains (1)of labour,(2)of 'death,and bodily pains in general.'These changes seem to have been introduced in the course of writing his Introduction,where they are partly assumed.Another class is added to include all classes of 'self-regarding pleasures or pains.'He is trying to give a list of all 'synomyms'for various pains and pleasures,and has therefore to admit classes corresponding to general names which include other classes.

38.Works,i,210,where he speaks of pleasures of the 'ball-rooms',the 'theatre',and the 'fine arts'as derivable from the 'simple and elementary'pleasures.

39.Works,('Morals and Legislation'),i,22etc.

40.Ibid.i,33.

41.Morals and Legislation,ch.vii,to xi.

42.Works,('Morals and Legislation'),i,46.

43.Ibid.48.

44.Works,('Morals and Legislation'),i,56.

45.Ibid.56.

46.Works,('Morals and Legislation'),i,60.

47.Ibid.i,62.

48.Ibid.i,65.

49.These are the two classes of 'springs of action'omitted in the Table.

50.Works,('Morals and Legislation'),i,68.

51.Here Bentham lays down the rule that punishment should rise with the strength of the temptation,a theory which leads to some curious casuistical problems.He does not fully discuss,and I cannot here consider,them.Iwill only note that it may conceivably be necessary to increase the severity of punishment,instead of removing the temptation or strengthening the preventive action.If so,the law becomes immoral in the sense of punishing more severly as the crime has more moral excuse.This was often true of the old criminal law,which punished offences cruelly because it had no effective system of police.Bentham would of course have agreed that the principle in this case was a bad one.

同类推荐
  • Robert Louis Stevenson

    Robert Louis Stevenson

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 伤寒括要

    伤寒括要

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 清代之竹头木屑

    清代之竹头木屑

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • The Love Affairs Of A Bibliomaniac

    The Love Affairs Of A Bibliomaniac

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • The Patchwork Girl of Oz

    The Patchwork Girl of Oz

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 杠上妖孽王爷:冰山杀手妃

    杠上妖孽王爷:冰山杀手妃

    傲然如冰,清冷如月。她是新生代顶级特工,果断机敏,睿智冷酷,却因一次正义感而遭到同伴的偷袭,魂穿古代。任何人也走不进她冰冷的心,因为她知道任何的感情任何的疏忽都可能要了自己的命!她是最得力的棋子,一次次出色的完成任务。她也是最难以掌控的棋子,令人又爱又恨又想毁之。冰山美人是她的代号,冷血无情那是浮云。当一代战神妖孽王爷杠上绝美冷酷杀手,是他道高一尺,还是她魔高一丈?当杀手的身份被揭穿,这来之不易的爱能浴火重生吗?
  • 三国军神

    三国军神

    (新书《赵公子》已发布) 穿越东汉末年的陈旭,他的身份只是一介平民。在这个世家林立的时代,他本来只想让自己家人生活得更好。然而,天不遂人愿,被压迫的陈旭,最终愤然投奔注定失败的黄巾军,谱写出另外一段历史。在血与火的历练中,他由一个悲天悯人之辈,逐渐蜕变成为一代枭雄,以及战无不胜的军神。
  • 带着系统闯异界

    带着系统闯异界

    完结撒花ing!睁开眼,身边是玉体横陈衣衫不整的美男一枚,廉胥君第一反应是——上!了!他!我会告诉你我的系统自带空间吗?我会告诉你有了系统炼丹什么的我只要单击一下就合成完毕吗?高手寂寞,就缺个压寨相公了,哎哎哎那谁,你老不好好穿衣服怎么回事?等会儿!把腰带放下!裤子穿上!嘶——要不你还是保持刚刚那样吧!书友裙半缘修道半缘君群号1,2,7,3,0,7,1,5,有缘千里来相会,另有完结文求宠幸,新文快穿逆袭:娇妻黑化ing等待翻牌,么么哒
  • 间境修仙

    间境修仙

    一个在车祸中失去父母的小男孩姜威,年仅八岁,亲人为了他父母留下的家产大打出手,更是强迫他放弃治疗,一辈子注定只能做轮椅、插尿袋的他应该怎么办?一条叫从从的狗出现在了,通过一面普通的镜子他们来到了一个全新的世界,这里是修仙的世界。正在积极努力成为一名大贤者的姜威,遇到了东木星球的创造者女娲大神,并接受了一项改变地球和东木星球命运的超级任务。原本一切都向着好的方向在发展,但是他的存在被强大的鬼界所知晓,一场精心策划的刺杀展开了。重返地球后,终于将灵魂通道开启,地球开始向着仙境迈进,可是一个天大的秘密却出现了,妹妹姜淼还活着。
  • 你当优雅,也有力量

    你当优雅,也有力量

    本书告诉我们广大女性读者,虽时光荏苒,载走了那个时代曾经灿烂的芳华。但我们不能忘记,那些曾经为了争取这些基本的女权而砥砺争斗的民国才女们。正是她们,才使得今天的中国女性,顶起了半边天,被家庭和社会所认可。她们身上对爱情勇敢的追求,对事业的孜孜不倦和对幸福的渴望精神,都是值得我们当代女性学习的宝贵财富。
  • 异世神王之启元大陆

    异世神王之启元大陆

    启元大陆上有一种神奇的元魂,元魂多种多样,可以是器物,动物,植物,其中有部分出色的元魂可以进行修炼战斗,这些人被称为元师!而元师乃是启元大陆上最为强大的职业!
  • 绿山墙的安妮

    绿山墙的安妮

    故事讲述了在加拿大的埃文利一个叫绿山墙的农舍里,生活着一对叫做马修和玛丽拉的兄妹,由于年事已高,他们打算从孤儿院收养一个男孩,作为农舍的帮手。谁知道阴差阳错,从孤儿院送来的竟是一个红发、长满雀斑、整天喋喋不休的十一岁小女孩——安妮。她从小失去父母,生活充满磨难,但仍然乐观活泼,热情浪漫,想象力非常丰富。虽然经常惹祸出错,但她那聪明伶俐、率真善良的性格让她逐渐收获了真挚的友情和老师大人们的疼爱;而她意志坚强、勤奋不懈的努力也帮助她顺利考取了女王学院,并且取得了一级教师证书和大学奖学金。但她终不忍抛下曾朝夕相伴的绿山墙和形单影只的玛丽拉,毅然决然放弃大学机会而选择了留在绿山墙,知恩图报,不忘初心。
  • 7天速成销售精英

    7天速成销售精英

    销售就是一场博弈战,你想在短时间内迅速成为销售精英吗?本书集销售方法、与真实案例于一体,传递全新的销售理念,迅速提高你的销售业绩,让你立刻跻身销售精英的行列。
  • 第一夫人的别样人生

    第一夫人的别样人生

    本书讲述了米歇尔、宋美龄、杰奎琳、艾薇塔等众多杰出的第一夫人的别样人生,解读她们的梦想与独立、优雅与智慧、知性与担当,以启迪广大女性朋友在魅力、性情、心灵、人生等方面提升自己,从而做最好的自己。
  • 叫我无名

    叫我无名

    宅男入异界,初时准备游戏人间,随着自己所带去的身份的慢慢揭开,慢慢领悟人生的故事,不准备沉闷的叙述,那样太累,不准备主角上去就无敌那样没意思,主角会不会无敌你猜猜