登陆注册
5264500000038

第38章 CHAPTER III MEDIAEVAL MEDICINE(8)

Arnold of Villanova was one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages. He had travelled much, was deeply read in Arabic medicine and was also a student of law and of philosophy. He was an early editor of the Regimen Sanitatis, and a strong advocate of diet and hygiene. His views on disease were largely those of the Arabian physicians, and we cannot see that he himself made any very important contribution to our knowledge; but he was a man of strong individuality and left an enduring mark on mediaeval medicine, as one may judge from the fact that among the first hundred medical books printed there were many associated with his name. He was constantly in trouble with the Church, though befriended by the Popes on account of his medical knowledge. There is a Bull of Clement V asking the bishops to search for a medical book by Arnold dedicated to himself, but not many years later his writings were condemned as heretical.

In Henri de Mondeville we have the typical mediaeval surgeon, and we know his work now very thoroughly from the editions of his "Anatomy" and "Surgery" edited by Pagel (Berlin, 1889-1892), and the fine French edition by Nicaise (Paris, 1893). The dominant Arabic influence is seen in that he quotes so large a proportion of these authors, but he was an independent observer and a practical surgeon of the first rank. He had a sharp wit and employed a bitter tongue against the medical abuses of his day.

How the Hippocratic humors dominated practice at this time you may see at a glance from the table prepared by Nicaise from the works of de Mondeville. We have here the whole pathology of the period.

===============================================================

TABLEAU DES HUMEURS

D'APRES H. DE MONDEVILLE

Flegme naturel.

F. aqueux.

Flegme F. mucilagineux.

F. vitreux.

Flegme non naturel F sale.

F. doux.

F. pontique, 2 especes.

F. acide, 2 especes.

Bile naturelle.

Bile B. citrine.

B. vitelline Bile non naturelle B. praline.

B. aerugineuse.

B. brulee, 3 especes.

Sang naturel. non naturel, 5 especes.

Melancolie naturelle. non naturelle, 5 especes.

===============================================================

A still greater name in the history of this school is Guy de Chauliac, whose works have also been edited by Nicaise (Paris, 1890). His "Surgery" was one of the most important text-books of the late Middle Ages. There are many manuscripts of it, some fourteen editions in the fifteenth century and thirty-eight in the sixteenth, and it continued to be reprinted far into the seventeenth century. He too was dominated by the surgery of the Arabs, and on nearly every page one reads of the sages Avicenna, Albucasis or Rhazes. He lays down four conditions necessary for the making of a surgeon--the first is that he must be learned, the second, expert, the third that he should be clever, and the fourth that he should be well disciplined.

You will find a very discerning sketch of the relation of these two men to the history of surgery in the address given at the St.

Louis Congress in 1904 by Sir Clifford Allbutt.[20] They were strong men with practical minds and good hands, whose experience taught them wisdom. In both there was the blunt honesty that so often characterizes a good surgeon, and I commend to modern surgeons de Mondeville's saying: "If you have operated conscientiously on the rich for a proper fee, and on the poor for charity, you need not play the monk, nor make pilgrimages for your soul."

[20] Allbutt: Historical Relations of Medicine and Surgery, London, Macmillan Co., 1905.

One other great mediaeval physician may be mentioned, Peter of Abano (a small town near Padua, famous for its baths). He is the first in a long line of distinguished physicians connected with the great school of Padua. Known as "the Conciliator," from his attempt to reconcile the diverse views on philosophy and medicine, he had an extraordinary reputation as a practitioner and author, the persistence of which is well illustrated by the fact that eight of the one hundred and eighty-two medical books printed before 1481 were from his pen. He seems to have taught medicine in Paris, Bologna and Padua. He was a devoted astrologer, had a reputation among the people as a magician and, like his contemporary, Arnold of Villanova, came into conflict with the Church and appears to have been several times before the Inquisition; indeed it is said that he escaped the stake only by a timely death. He was a prolific commentator on Aristotle, and his exposition of the "problems" had a great vogue. The early editions of his texts are among the most superb works ever printed. He outlived his reputation as a magician, and more than a century after his death Frederick, Duke of Urbino, caused his effigies to be set up over the gate of the palace at Padua with this inscription:

PETRUS APONUS PATAVINUS PHILOSOPHIAE MEDICINAEQUE SCIENTISSIMUS, OB IDQUE, CONCILIATORIS NOMEN ADEPTUS, ASTROLOGIAE VERO ADEO PERITUS, UT IN MAGIAE SUSPICIONEM INCIDERIT, FALSOQUE DE HAERESI POSTULATUS, ABSOLUTUS FUERIT.[21]

[21] Naude: History of Magick, London, 1657, p. 182, or the original: Apologie pour les grands hommes soupconnez de magic, e.g., ed. Amst., 1719, p. 275.

It is said that Abano caused to be painted the astronomical figures in the great hall of the palace at Padua.

One characteristic of mediaeval medicine is its union with theology, which is not remarkable, as the learning of the time was chiefly in the hands of the clergy. One of the most popular works, the "Thesaurus Pauperum," was written by Petrus Hispanus, afterwards Pope John XXI. We may judge of the pontifical practice from the page here reproduced, which probably includes, under the term "iliac passion," all varieties of appendicitis.

同类推荐
  • 茕绝老人天奇直注雪窦显和尚颂古

    茕绝老人天奇直注雪窦显和尚颂古

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 乙酉笔记

    乙酉笔记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 艺苑卮言

    艺苑卮言

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 清代台湾职官印录

    清代台湾职官印录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 仁斋直指方论

    仁斋直指方论

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 人家闺女有花戴(中篇小说)

    人家闺女有花戴(中篇小说)

    李林包里放着县文化局那张录用通知书到乡政府报到,接待他的是乡办公室文书。文书是一个白胖的老头子,样子像个老太太。文书说,我叫老尤,今天乡里人都下村去了,书记乡长叫我给你安排房间。李林说,那通知书交给你。老尤一摆手,你自己先放着吧,反正早听说你要来,又没有人冒充你。老尤把李林带到楼上,经过吱呀作响的漆黑的过道,然后打开一个房间。里面已有了一副铺盖,一床醒目的大红缎被堆在床上。老尤说,你去仓库间搬张床吧,乡里暂时安排你与计划生育员住在一起。
  • 政府网络发言

    政府网络发言

    该书较为全面地分析了网络发言人的时代背景、主体特征、功能定位、制度设计、组织架构和效能保障,同时从网络问政、网络论坛、网络微博,以及培养意见领袖、应对网络谣言等具体方面提出了政府网络发言的基本策略,并对健全网络舆论引导机制进行了深入研究。该书既具有理论开拓的价值,又有着广泛的实际运用意义,可以为新闻传播学者和各级政府官员提供有益的启发、借鉴和帮助。
  • 极灵异界

    极灵异界

    一花一世界,一木一天堂。人们只是生活在大千世界的一角。
  • 古城探幽

    古城探幽

    一个偶然的故事掀开隐藏千年的惊天谜团,古城再一次在人们心中重新浮现它神秘惊悚的形象。这一次去的人能回来几个?
  • 田园福女逆袭记

    田园福女逆袭记

    ?中医邱来福,因过劳而死,魂穿至世家遗孤身上,一醒来就身陷继母设计的火海里……。凭借医术和灵泉救人杀人转念间。狂风暴雨中也要逆袭成长。借胆向天一吼,让狂风暴雨来的更猛烈些吧……面前有只总晃眼。一掌拍飞。??老大,咱俩可是天定的…… 孽缘!
  • 神仆

    神仆

    一颗小小的、蓝褐相间的行星,孤零零地绕着一颗暗淡的恒星旋转着;在这颗行星附近,一颗更小的、色调灰暗的卫星同样孤单而平静地绕着它旋转。在恒星暗弱的光芒照耀下,那颗行星看上去犹如一只长满蓝霉的干瘪梨子,而它的卫星则像一只卖相不好的烂土豆。一座老旧的太空站静悄悄地停在二者之间的拉格朗日点上,活像一只迟迟无法在两份食物间做出选择的苍蝇。
  • 旱塬播绿

    旱塬播绿

    10年前,这里曾是一片荒芜,干旱少雨,风沙四起,生态恶劣,人烟稀少。作为移民开发区,各项建设是一张白纸,创业环境和工作条件十分艰苦。
  • 嗜宠毒医小魔妃

    嗜宠毒医小魔妃

    她,是血族少主,一朝穿越成楼家的废材小姐。重活一世,她一改现代时的冷漠,变的时而天真软萌,时而冷酷无情,时而回眸一笑百媚生……但,最终奉行的还是嚣张、狂、酷吊炸天!那个谁,你刚说什么?炼丹师稀有,最高不过四品?那真不好意思,她一个不小心能炼出八品极品丹药!“君卿!你真是嚣张!”一名女子泼妇骂街般指着君卿,怒火中烧。而君卿则是无辜的用小手指掏掏耳朵,“本少就是嚣张,不服你咬我啊!”身边一袭玄色的美男搂着她的腰肢,笑的倾国倾城“为夫就喜欢夫人这嚣张的性子!”
  • 记忆馆之天蝎座的告白

    记忆馆之天蝎座的告白

    绫音认识星野凉的时候,从未想过自己会跟他谈恋爱。星野凉是谁?学校最帅最有钱的大少爷,却也是被绫音毫不留情地划归为“人渣”、“败类”的花花公子。可是,当爱情的磁场将人们牵到一起,纯真如小白兔的绫音也抵挡不了甜美的诱惑,跌进猎人的陷阱。误会之后还是误会,阴谋之外还有阴谋。究竟谁才是守护公主的王子?谁才是不断伤害绫音的人?记忆瓶开启的那一刻,眼泪在雨中飞。绫音收获的是黑暗的真相,也是黑暗中最光明温暖的爱情!
  • 坏坏首席,你敢再靠近!

    坏坏首席,你敢再靠近!

    他像一团谜,身世成谜,性格是谜,就连他的爱情也是一团谜。她猜不透他,却无法自拔的爱上他,掉进了爱情的深渊。任何人的话,她都可以无视,但她亲眼看见的又是什么?他和别的女人在床上翻滚,他的甜言蜜语,说给多少女人听?真象浮现,原来,他真的把她当作诱饵。他变成了一个买主,买走了她的第一次,残忍的继续扔下她一走了之。灯红酒绿,他恕罪般的拥她入怀,答应给她一辈子的幸福。她忍着心痛,巧笑将手伸到他的面前:“好啊,给我一千万,我人就是你的了!”“你怎么会变成随便的女人?”他怒吼。“你比我更随便!骗子!”她甩下一巴掌,转身离去。面前的他伤痕累累,把最后的生存希望留给她:“不准出来,待着就不会死!”“谁信你?”她甩开他,将自己暴露。“我不准你死!”“这句话,我同样要跟你说,要么不死,要么都死!”她绝美一笑,大义凛然。*******************妃精心制作了一个视频,喜欢的亲们可以看看哦!视频地址:&pstyle=1强推好友小楼飞花的现代虐文《私藏玫瑰小娇妻》精彩简介:这个男人是妹妹带回家的,却在浴室调戏了她,恶梦,从这一刻开始,她成了家里不容的“妖精”妹妹甩她一巴掌,恨恨的说:“你敢嫁给他,我就去死!”最后,她没有去死,却把她一直暗恋的男人带回家开着门做了一晚。他是资产过亿的总裁,因为妈妈花名在外,他度过了一个灰暗的童年,他一边报复着女人,却一边渴望着找到纯洁安定的妻子。白琉璃,一个和名子一样透明的女人,他要娶她,不是爱她,只是因为她很干净,很文静,不会招蜂引蝶。他折断了她的梦想,用华丽的房子困住她,粉碎她的前途,把她当成流浪小猫捡回家,做他的保姆娇妻,用手段证明她是属于他的。可是,为什么她像保姆一样的低微,像空气一样的透明,却依然给他竖了四个情敌?那些男人看她的眼神,让他恨不得把她藏起来。但,脾气好,不代表没脾气,被他切断人生,她怒了,而这一刻,他渐渐慌乱。推荐好友痕儿的新文,望亲们多来踩踩,《邪魅首席的禁锢妻》在移动手机阅读平台上使用的名称为《总裁,你敢不敢再靠近点!》