登陆注册
5270400000057

第57章

Next, for destructive purposes, see if the property cannot possibly belong simultaneously, but must belong either as posterior or as prior to the attribute described in the name: for then what is stated to be a property will not be a property either never, or not always. Thus (e.g.) inasmuch as it is possible for the attribute 'walking through the market-place' to belong to an object as prior and as posterior to the attribute 'man', 'walking through the market-place' could not be a property of 'man' either never, or not always. For constructive purposes, on the other hand, see if it always and of necessity belongs simultaneously, without being either a definition or a differentia: for then what is stated not to be a property will be a property. Thus (e.g.) the attribute 'an animal capable of receiving knowledge' always and of necessity belongs simultaneously with the attribute 'man', and is neither differentia nor definition of its subject, and so 'an animal capable of receiving knowledge' would be a property of 'man'.

Next, for destructive purposes, see if the same thing fails to be a property of things that are the same as the subject, so far as they are the same: for then what is stated to be a property will not be a property. Thus, for example, inasmuch as it is no property of a 'proper object of pursuit' to 'appear good to certain persons', it could not be a property of the 'desirable' either to 'appear good to certain persons': for 'proper object of pursuit' and 'desirable' mean the same. For constructive purposes, on the other hand, see if the same thing be a property of something that is the same as the subject, in so far as it is the same. For then is stated not to be a property will be a property. Thus (e.g.) inasmuch as it is called a property of a man, in so far as he is a man, 'to have a tripartite soul', it would also be a property of a mortal, in so far as he is a mortal, to have a tripartite soul. This commonplace rule is useful also in dealing with Accident: for the same attributes ought either to belong or not belong to the same things, in so far as they are the same.

Next, for destructive purposes, see if the property of things that are the same in kind as the subject fails to be always the same in kind as the alleged property: for then neither will what is stated to be the property of the subject in question. Thus (e.g.) inasmuch as a man and a horse are the same in kind, and it is not always a property of a horse to stand by its own initiative, it could not be a property of a man to move by his own initiative; for to stand and to move by his own initiative are the same in kind, because they belong to each of them in so far as each is an 'animal'. For constructive purposes, on the other hand, see if of things that are the same in kind as the subject the property that is the same as the alleged property is always true: for then what is stated not to be a property will be a property. Thus (e.g.) since it is a property of man to be a 'walking biped,' it would also be a property of a bird to be a 'flying biped': for each of these is the same in kind, in so far as the one pair have the sameness of species that fall under the same genus, being under the genus 'animal', while the other pair have that of differentiae of the genus, viz. of 'animal'. This commonplace rule is deceptive whenever one of the properties mentioned belongs to some one species only while the other belongs to many, as does 'walking quadruped'.

Inasmuch as 'same' and 'different' are terms used in several senses, it is a job to render to a sophistical questioner a property that belongs to one thing and that only. For an attribute that belongs to something qualified by an accident will also belong to the accident taken along with the subject which it qualifies; e.g. an attribute that belongs to 'man' will belong also to 'white man', if there be a white man, and one that belongs to 'white man' will belong also to 'man'. One might, then, bring captious criticism against the majority of properties, by representing the subject as being one thing in itself, and another thing when combined with its accident, saying, for example, that 'man' is one thing, and white man' another, and moreover by representing as different a certain state and what is called after that state. For an attribute that belongs to the state will belong also to what is called after that state, and one that belongs to what is called after a state will belong also to the state: e.g. inasmuch as the condition of the scientist is called after his science, it could not be a property of 'science' that it is 'incontrovertible by argument'; for then the scientist also will be incontrovertible by argument. For constructive purposes, however, you should say that the subject of an accident is not absolutely different from the accident taken along with its subject; though it is called 'another' thing because the mode of being of the two is different: for it is not the same thing for a man to be a man and for a white man to be a white man. Moreover, you should take a look along at the inflections, and say that the deion of the man of science is wrong: one should say not 'it' but 'he is incontrovertible by argument'; while the deion of Science is wrong too: one should say not 'it' but 'she is incontrovertible by argument'. For against an objector who sticks at nothing the defence should stick at nothing.

同类推荐
  • 红粉楼

    红粉楼

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 神功妙济真君礼文

    神功妙济真君礼文

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 炙毂子诗格

    炙毂子诗格

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 山海漫谈

    山海漫谈

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 咏袜

    咏袜

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 一锤之下

    一锤之下

    剑与魔法的时代,不论是各种族争霸大陆,还是各职业造就英雄,兵器乃制胜之道。一锤之下炼神兵,一锤之下灭强敌。这是一个铁匠锤定江山的故事。
  • 人间有味

    人间有味

    “这本取名为《人间有味》的散文集共分两辑是由韩晓露编著。第一辑名为“人间有味”,第二辑名为“人间有情”。虽然有“有味”和“有情”之别,其实,所写的都是以女性视角对于人生世情的一些身心感受,是一本充满了时代的现实情感的散文集子。所谓“味”与“情”之别,就在于前者是在对生活的感受之中倾诉着作者对于理想生活的憧憬和期望;而后者则融入了作者在怀旧意绪中对于生命真谛的理解与思索。”
  • 惑乱帝心

    惑乱帝心

    如果爱一个人必须得卑微的话,那我也甘愿卑微!
  • 天才魔妃太难追

    天才魔妃太难追

    她是医学界的奇才,文武双全,聪明睿智,轻狂腹黑,一点小懒,一点小坏,一点小馋。她是傲天大陆东商国,上官丞相家的千金,庶出之女,不受待见,还是个连话也说不清的痴傻女。当一个天才穿越到一个蠢才身上,盛世传奇就此开始……上官丞相家三小姐溺水窒息,再次睁开眼睛,一改以往呆滞,眉眼间冷魅锋芒,精光毕露,再也不是那个任人宰割的痴癫傻女,惩嫡姐、罚姨娘,在上官家活得风声四起,成了人见人畏的小魔女。一道圣旨,她摇身一变成了和亲公主,成了东商国巴结玥璃国的一颗棋子。和亲?尼玛说和亲就和亲啊?和你妹的亲!!大婚之夜,新郎不知所踪,新娘欣喜若狂,借此良机精心导演了一出‘王妃绑架案’。翌日,大红的喜房内,一个美如妖孽的男子,望着手中那张“劫匪”留下的清秀字迹,诲暗幽深的眸底迸射寒光,唇角勾起一抹冷魅——“掘地三尺,就算是把傲天大陆翻个底朝天,也要给本王把她找出来。”竟然敢在他宣王面前,玩这种不入眼的伎俩,他会让她知道,这样做会带来什么后果……
  • 苍穹修仙记

    苍穹修仙记

    莫闲意外身亡,却穿越苍穹大陆,成为一个外门弟子。莫闲独爱种田。在各大长老都为一棵人参争的不可开交的时候。莫闲在拿人参喂羊。在各大内门弟子为了一株灵芝上生死台的时候。莫闲在拿灵芝拌饭。就在宗主路过莫闲的房前被吓得心脏病突发仙逝之后。各大人物纷纷过来求莫闲交换灵药。莫闲嘴里嚼着人参果默默说道:“天级以下功法不要,传功十年起步。”
  • 快穿之:就服你

    快穿之:就服你

    [系统]:→_→宿主,你会失去你的系统的。戾棂:有你没你,不都一样么?至于男女主是什么样的人,大家往下看着,可以肯定的是,作者是亲妈。(*?︶?*)
  • 舞动青春:误惹腹黑痞校草

    舞动青春:误惹腹黑痞校草

    【全文完】他外表俊朗无害,内里腹黑邪恶,不求上进只求每天玩得痛快;她外表美丽纯真,内里算计无数,储心积累隐藏自己的身份,只为能够摆脱过去的黑暗纠缠,然而一次异国的偶遇,一次无心的戏弄,命运将两个人牵扯在一起。当神秘的面纱逐步揭开,在面对危险的逐步迫近,他能否继续他的痞子无良?她能否够继续她的置身度外?
  • Dead run

    Dead run

    荷田夏绪到达事发现场,是快六点的事了,天色已经亮了大半,同行的还有一样身为搜查科警员的同事野口泰辅。死者是住在这幢豪华公寓四层的单身男性井上一郎,他的邻居在出门晨跑时,发现井上家的大门敞开,在门外喊了几声没有得到回应后,便进屋查看,就是那时发现了井上的尸体,随即迅速报了警。夏绪还未醒透,余困令她眯起双眼,已经做完了现场的指纹收集工作,她稍作休息,听着一旁的泰辅和刚到不久的组长介绍情况。
  • 傻子阿七

    傻子阿七

    痴傻半生,可得一刻清醒。活着,是最大的权利。阿七本是大二学生,有一妹妹,家境小康,但却由于一场大火,他的家毁了,父母妹妹都失踪了,他也在大火中被呛到。之后,整个人大部分时间都是痴痴呆呆的,偶尔清醒,也持续不了多久。他本天之骄子,是班上的拔尖人物。可惜,这场大火把他的一切都烧没了。他该怎样活着,天知道。
  • 王者荣耀之保卫长安城

    王者荣耀之保卫长安城

    大部分英雄分为邪恶和正义,邪恶为了占领长安城不顾一切带价,正义保护长安城,就这样,一场漫长的战争出现了。。。。