登陆注册
5381100000027

第27章

I summon, therefore, every serious economist to tell me, otherwise than by transforming or repeating the question, for what reason value decreases in proportion as production augments, and reciprocally what causes this same value to increase in proportion as production diminishes.In technical terms, useful value and exchangeable value, necessary to each other, are inversely proportional to each other; I ask, then, why scarcity, instead of utility, is synonymous with dearness.For -- mark it well -- the price of merchandise is independent of the amount of labor expended in production;

and its greater or less cost does not serve at all to explain the variations in its price.Value is capricious, like liberty: it considers neither utility nor labor; on the contrary, it seems that, in the ordinary course of affairs, and exceptional derangements aside, the most useful objects are those which are sold at the lowest price; in other words, that it is just that the men who perform the most attractive labor should be the best rewarded, while those whose tasks demand the most exertion are paid the least.So that, in following the principle to its ultimate consequences, we reach the most logical of conclusions: that things whose use is necessary and quantity infinite must be gratuitous, while those which are without utility and extremely scarce must bear an inestimable price.But, to complete the embarrassment, these extremes do not occur in practice: on the one hand, no human product can ever become infinite in quantity; on the other, the rarest things must be in some degree useful, else they would not be susceptible of value.Useful value and exchangeable value remain, then, in inevitable attachment, although it is their nature continually to tend towards mutual exclusion.

I shall not fatigue the reader with a refutation of the logomachies which might be offered in explanation of this subject: of the contradiction inherent in the idea of value there is no assignable cause, no possible explanation.The fact of which I speak is one of those called primitive, -- that is, one of those which may serve to explain others, but which in themselves, like the bodies called simple, are inexplicable.Such is the dualism of spirit and matter.Spirit and matter are two terms each of which, taken separately, indicates a special aspect of spirit, but corresponds to no reality.So, given man's needs of a great variety of products together with the obligation of procuring them by his labor, the opposition of useful value to exchangeable value necessarily results; and from this opposition a contradiction on the very threshold of political economy.No intelligence, no will, divine or human, can prevent it.

Therefore, instead of searching for a chimerical explanation, let us content ourselves with establishing the necessity of the contradiction.

Whatever the abundance of created values and the proportion in which they exchange for each other, in order that we may exchange our products, mine must suit you when you are the buyer, and I must be satisfied with yours when you are the seller.For no one has a right to impose his own merchandise upon another: the sole judge of utility, or in other words the want, is the buyer.Therefore, in the first case, you have the deciding power; in the second, I have it.Take away reciprocal liberty, and exchange is no longer the expression of industrial solidarity: it is robbery.Communism, by the way, will never surmount this difficulty.

But, where there is liberty, production is necessarily undetermined, either in quantity or in quality; so that from the point of view of economic progress, as from that of the relation of consumers, valuation always is an arbitrary matter, and the price of merchandise will ever fluctuate.

Suppose for a moment that all producers should sell at a fixed price: there would be some who, producing at less cost and in better quality, would get much, while others would get nothing.In every way equilibrium would be destroyed.Do you wish, in order to prevent business stagnation, to limit production strictly to the necessary amount? That would be a violation of liberty: for, in depriving me of the power of choice, you condemn me to pay the highest price; you destroy competition, the sole guarantee of cheapness, and encourage smuggling.In this way, to avoid commercial absolutism, you would rush into administrative absolutism; to create equality, you would destroy liberty, which is to deny equality itself.Would you group producers in a single workshop (supposing you to possess this secret)?

That again does not suffice: it would be necessary also to group consumers in a common household, whereby you would abandon the point.We are not to abolish the idea of value, which is as impossible as to abolish labor, but to determine it; we are not to kill individual liberty, but to socialize it.Now, it is proved that it is the free will of man that gives rise to the opposition between value in use and value in exchange: how reconcile this opposition while free will exists? And how sacrifice the latter without sacrificing man?

Then, from the very fact that I, as a free purchaser, am judge of my own wants, judge of the fitness of the object, judge of the price I wish to pay, and that you on the other hand, as a free producer, control the means of production, and consequently have the power to reduce your expenses, absolutism forces itself forward as an element of value, and causes it to oscillate between utility and opinion.

同类推荐
  • 樗庵类稿

    樗庵类稿

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 添品妙法莲华经

    添品妙法莲华经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 萨真人得道咒枣记

    萨真人得道咒枣记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 太上洞玄灵宝消禳火灾经

    太上洞玄灵宝消禳火灾经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • Cambridge Neighbors

    Cambridge Neighbors

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
热门推荐
  • 医学摘粹

    医学摘粹

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。
  • 帝国总裁的宠妻日常

    帝国总裁的宠妻日常

    男主:冷寒逸女主:傅瑾瑜小时初见,长大重逢结婚,原来天意让他们在一起,可,爱情的路上没有挫折吗?
  • 财迷黑科技系统

    财迷黑科技系统

    新书《大明不可能这么富》 其实在这个世界。科技真的可以给你一切!当然了世界没有白吃的午餐,想要什么都要拿钱来换!搞搞黑科技,研发新技术,占领全球市场,然后猛地赚钱,最后拿钱再去兑换科技,简直就是良性循环嘛。对了,听说发达国家那边物价低收入高,你说这怎么能配得上人家发达国家的身份呢,人家不在乎这点小钱,所以...........就让我来帮你们提升一下物价好了。
  • 山西戏曲名角

    山西戏曲名角

    这是一套面向农村,供广大农民朋友阅读的文化丛书。它涉及戏曲、曲艺、民间歌舞、民间工艺、民间故事、民间笑话等多个门类,涵括了编织刺绣、建筑装饰、酿酒制醋、剪纸吹塑、冶铁铸造、陶瓷漆艺等林林总总的艺术形式,是老百姓熟悉的艺术,是我们身边的艺术,和我们的日常生活密切相关。
  • 财智女人理财经

    财智女人理财经

    受传统观念影响。大多数女性不喜欢冒险,她们的理财渠道多以银行储蓄为主。这种理财方式虽然相对稳妥。但是现在物价上涨的压力较大,存在银行里的钱弄不好就会“贬值”。所以在新形势下,女性朋友们应更新观念。改变只求稳定不看收益的传统理财观。积极寻求既相对稳妥、收益又高的多种投资渠道,比如开放式基金、炒汇、各种债券、集合理财等等,以最大限度地增加家庭的财富收益。
  • 网游之帝国争锋

    网游之帝国争锋

    秦皇汉武,唐宗宋祖;霸王举鼎,存孝将兵。华夏历史的大融合,各朝风流人物齐聚《帝国》之中,争锋斗艳。老套的开场白,老套的故事,老套的人物设定,又如何演绎不一样的精彩?书友群:926267465。
  • 奇异的植物天地(青少年成长必读·科学真奇妙丛书)

    奇异的植物天地(青少年成长必读·科学真奇妙丛书)

    人类有多少好奇,世界就有多少奥秘。亲爱的孩子们,你们有多少想象,世界就有多少精彩。来吧!让我们一起去解读大自然的神秘物语。 翻开《奇异的植物天地(青少年成长必读·科学真奇妙丛书)》一书,它将带领我们去探索妙趣横生的植物世界。
  • 大登殿

    大登殿

    母亲的洞房花烛夜被她自己搅得一塌糊涂,她将房内一切可以破坏的摆设都弄了个稀巴烂,那闺中女儿的春梦也随着瓶盏的破裂化作了乱糟糟的碎片,四处飞溅,响亮而震撼。无畏、不吝、不屈、刚强,暴怒的母亲充分展示了她北京朝阳门外南营房旗兵后代的气势,这种无羁的活力是她进入的这家人所没有的,她的举动打乱了这家原本的秩序,一切都变得无章可循。史学家们常说,游牧民族对中原政权的入侵,为木僵的中原文化增添了活力,推动了中华文化的进步。
  • 可惜不是你,陪我到最后

    可惜不是你,陪我到最后

    在青城,传闻百年席家的独子席墨年是一个傻子。即便是席家名扬天下,他也从未在外界露过面。十年爱恋,换来未婚夫在她的病床前与别人缠绵悱恻。走投无路,当席家拿着高额聘礼迎娶的时候,她毅然同意。没有婚礼,只一席红衣,她走进了那扇浸透着百年秘密的大门。新婚之夜,她终于明白,所谓的传言都是真的……经年之后,街头偶遇。她看着面前相同的那张脸,含泪轻笑,“席墨年,好久不见。”他茫然回顾,“我……认识你吗?”--情节虚构,请勿模仿
  • 养“宠”为患

    养“宠”为患

    狐容亲自养大了一只“小宠物”,后来这只宠物被他虐死了,并弃尸荒野。不想几日后,发现她又活了,而且性情大变。他觉得,这换了一个人似的小宠物其实也挺好玩的。只是玩着玩着……把心玩丢了……于是,本就已经黑化过的他,变成彻头彻尾的蛇精病了。